LOWER LIAS : RUGBY. 163 
Ammonites planorbis has been recorded from Church Lnwford 
and Kings Newnham ;* and in the British Museum there is a 
huge specimen, 39 inches in diameter, regarded as Ammonites 
planorbis, which was obtained from one of the Rugby quarries. 
This would have come from a somewhat higher horizon, about the 
base of the zone of A. angulatus. 
Probably the finest inland section of the Lower Lias limestones, 
is that at the Victoria quarry, about a mile north-west of Rugby, 
at the Rugby Blue Lias lime- and cement- works. Here we see 
in one face, upwards of 35 bands of limestone, with alternating 
beds of blue shale and clay. The top layers are brown, but the 
mass of the beds is blue. The limestones vary from about 3 in. 
to 1 ft. or more in thickness, and most of them have a local name 
known to the quarrymen (sae p. 296). The clays vary from a 
few inches to 4 ft. in thickness; a band 4 ft. thick occurring 
near the base of the quarry. The beds opened up attain a 
thickness of over 70 foet. Particular layers of stone and clay 
are used in the manufacture of cement, but the mass of the clay 
is rejected. 
The following are the more abundant fossils obtained : 
Ichthyosaurus. 
Plesiosaurns. 
Fish-remains. 
Ammonites angulatus. 
Bucklandi. 
- Conybearei. 
Johnstoni. 
rotiformis. 
Avicula inaequivalvis. 
Gryphaea arcuata (and varieties 
like G. cymbium). 
Lima gigantea. 
Modiola minima. 
Pleuromya costata. 
Rhynchonella caloicosta. 
Pentasrinus. 
Some of the Ammonites in the lower shaly beds are pyritic. 
The large pit north of Newbold Grange, at the Newbold 
lime- and cement- works, shows about 45 feet of blue shales 
and grey argillaceous limestones, more clayey and browner in 
colour towards the top. There are about 30 beds of limestone. 
The beds are bent into a sharp anticlinal, shown on the north- 
eastern side of the pit, but they appear to recover their horizon- 
tality at short distances on either side. (See Fig. 52, which has 
been prepared from a photograph kindly sent me by Mr. J. D. 
Paul.) Thin accumulations of Drift sand and gravel, with 
pebbles of quartz and quartzite, occur on top in places.f 
Nearer Rugby than the Victoria quarry, there are at New 
Bilton several brickyards, showing from 15 to 25 feet of blue 
clay with an occasional band of argillaceous limestone, overlaid in 
places by 10 feet ov more of gravel and sand. The depth to the 
limestones is from 30 to 50 feet according to the situation. Fossils 
are by no means abundant in these clays, but I obtained a few 
specimens, indicating the zone of Ammonites semicostatus : 
Ammonites stmicostatus. 
Pleurotomaria. 
Avicula inaBquivalvis. 
Gryphaea arcuata. 
cymbium. 
* Keport Rugby School Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1877, p. 48. 
f See Horizontal Section (Geol. Survey), Sheet 140, and Explanation, p. 9. 
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