320 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : 
may be noticed that the limestone is watervvorn at some depth 
from the surface. I observed instances near Penarth. (See also 
p. 271.) , 
The origin of the mineral matter in what may be called the 
Surface Springs, is readily understood, for, with the exception of 
atmospheric impurities, they derive their ingredients from the 
calcareous and ferruginous rocks through which they have 
percolated. These rocks and the original or secondary mineral 
matter they may contain, will usually account for the nature of the 
water. In some cases the dissolution of organic remains may 
have contributed saline and other materials. The origin of the 
saline waters will be discussed more particularly in the volume 
dealing with the Oolites, but it should be borne in mind that 
artificial manures affect some surface-waters, and that Epsom 
Salts may be introduced into certain Spas by other than natural 
agencies. 
Petrifying Springs. 
Springs of a " petrifying " nature, depositing carbonate of 
lime on objects placed within their influence, or forming accumula- 
tions of tufa, have been met with in a number of places along the 
outcrop of the Lias limestones. 
Such springs have been observed at Ford Farm, between Chilton and 
Stawell in Somerset (at the junction of Lower Lias and Rhsetic Beds) ; near 
Dursell, Shepton Mallet ; near Newton Mill, Newton St. Loe, Bath ; near 
Warkworth, 1J miles east of Banbury (Marlstone) ; at Morton Morrell, north- 
west of Kineton (Lower Lias limestones) ; at Halstead, by Tilton-on-the-hill 
(Marlstone) ; and near Whitton, in Lincolnshire. Prof. Judd mentions that 
at Halstead the " petrifying springs " have been made use of for the purpose 
of obtaining incrustations of objects like bird's nests, branching twigs, &c.* 
Chalybeate Springs. 
Chalybeate Springs, some of which have attained considerable 
notoriety as Spas, are abundant. Often known as Ked Wells 
(Rodwell, &c.) they issue at various horizons, but appear to be 
most abundant in the sandy shales at the base of the Marlstone. 
Lower Lias. 
Capland Spa, between Ashill and Hatch Beauchamp, N.W. of Ilminster. 
Cheltenham : Cambray Spa, (Shallow well). 
Little Wolford Hall, S. of Shipston-on-Stour. 
Kings Newnham, near Church Lawford, W.N.W. of Rugby. 
Brentingby, E. of Melton Mowbray. 
Burton Lazars, S.E. of Melton Mowbray. 
Little Dalby, S.E. of Melton Mowbray. 
Kinoulton Spa, Nottinghamshire. (Saline chalybeate well.) 
Middle Lias. 
Glastonbury : Chalice or Blood Well, a spring in the grounds of Tor House. 
(Yield above 1,000 gallons per hour. Water probably conveyed to 
supply Holy Well at St. Joseph's Chapel.) 
Batheaston Spa, north of Lamb Bridge, near Bath (tepid waters, saline- 
chalybeate, obtained partly from strata below the Middle Lias). (See 
p. 323.) 
* Geol. Eutland, p. 268. 
