486 LOWER OOLITIC ROCKS OF ENGLAND : 
Sandstones and Sands. 
Irregular concretions of sandstone, and huge spheroidal masses 
known as " Doggers " or Sand Burrs" are found in the sandy 
strata, These are cemented by carbonate of lime ; and they 
occur in the Midford Sand, in the Northampton Sand, and in 
the Hinton Sands that belong to the Forest Marble. 
Sometimes irregular flaggy beds are formed, and these pass into 
spheroidal or mammillated ma?ses that retain the marks of bedding 
or false-bedding, while sometimes the upper or under layers 
when split off resemble " Pot lids " (lids of saucepans). 
Such " Pot-lids " are found in the fissile calcareous sandstones of the 
Collyweston Slate, Stonesfield Slate, and Forest Marble : and they 
sometimes may be split up into slabs suitable for roofing-purposes. 
Examples occur in the Forest Marble near Cirencester, where they have 
been used to support Bee-hives. 
Of the smaller concretions, examples have been noted in the sands 
belonging to the Inferior Oolite, at Snowshill on the Cotteswold Hills, and 
associated with the Collyweston Slate near Stamford. Prof. Judd men- 
tions that " On the surfaces of the flags obtained from these pits, which 
can sometimes be raised of considerable size aud are used for rustic- 
bridges, peculiarly shaped concretionary masses are sometimes found. 
One concretion of this character, found on a slab near King's ClifFe, has 
attracted much attention in the neighbourhood from the popular belief 
that it is a ' fossil carrot.' Small recesses or caverns are sometimes formed 
by the weathering out of the sands from beneath the hard rock ; one of 
these is known in the district as ' the Bobber's Cave.' "* 
The layers and concretions of calcareous sandstone, called " sand-bats" 
or " sand-burrs," are occasionally employed for building-purposes. They 
have been thus used at Yeovil junction and Burton Bradstock, as they 
furnish larger blocks than the Oolite above. 
Dr. Wright has stated that the Cotteswold sands are " well adapted 
for foundry purposes, as they receive sharp impressions of bodies 
pressed upon them " ; in most cases however they would be too calcareous 
for the purpose, though such sands, as noted by Dr. Percy, may be 
useful for the bottoms of copper-furnaces. 
Above the Horsepools, west of Painswick, the beds comprise very fine 
mealy sand that has been used for polishing purposesf (cleaning silver, &c.). 
In some places as at Snowshill, the sand is used for making mortar. 
Soft fissile sandy beds, belonging to the Stonesfield Series at Througham 
Field, Bisley, were formerly used for sharpening shears for shearing cloth. 
The material was obtained every winter for the purpose. 
Sands, belonging to the Northampton Sand, as at Kingsthorpe (p. 184), 
have been used for mortar-making ; J also for foundry and scouring 
purposes ; while indurated beds have been employed for lining ovens, &c. 
The white siliceous sands, such as occur at Epwell, and other localities in 
Oxfordshire, might be serviceable for glass-making, but I am not aware 
that they have been employed for the purpose. They have been used at 
Wansford, Apethorpe, Blatherwycke, and Burghley Park. 
Lime and Cement. 
The Limestones of the Inferior Oolite and Great Oolite Series 
are burnt in many places for lime ; and different beds of lime- 
stone yield material adapted more especially for agricultural or 
* Geol. Rutland, &c., p. 170. 
f Lycett, Cotteswold Hills, p. 17. 
J Judd, Geol. Rutland, p. 179. 
Hunt, Mineral Statistics, Part 2, 1858, p. 375. 
