18 
REPORT ON ZOOLOGY, MDCCCXLII : 
century before any new contributions were added, and though Owen has 
written on its Osteography, and Sandifort on its Myology, yet enough 
remained to aiFord rich gleanings for Vrolik the younger. I will only 
quote one portion of his excellent work : The wrist, as in man, has only 
eight little bones, while in all other apes, even in the orang-outang, it 
has nine, to which the supernumerary many cornered bone, as Tig calls 
it, is to be added. The latissimus dorsi is the same as in other apes, 
and always sends off a slip to the olecranon. The extensor of the index 
finger is not a separate muscle, and therefore it cannot perform the act of 
pointing out and showing. This want, without doubt, has reference to 
the less perfect state of the intellectual faculties, and the impossibility of 
forming abstract ideas. The reporter has, in his Monograph on Apes, 
pointed out this defect in the same way. Vrolik has very fairly shown 
the superiority of the human hand over that of the ape. The sac of the 
head of the windpipe is sometimes single, sometimes double, and appears 
to be only a prolongation of the ventricles of the larynx. The vermiform 
appendage of the caecum is separated from it by a constriction. Vrolik 
mentions a difierence between the brain of the orang-outang and the 
human brain, which has hitherto been overlooked; that the corpus 
callosum in the former is much shorter, and does not quite reach to the 
anterior corpora quadrigemina. The internal structure is well ex- 
hibited in seven plates : and there is also a vignette, representing the 
live Chimpansee in London. 
J. Brooke asserts, that in Borneo, according to the report 
of the natives, and his own researches, two or three species 
of Orang-Outang are indigenous. (Ann. of Nat. Hist. ix. 
P-54). 
One species is, the Mias pappan ( Shnia Wurmhii, Owen), with cheek 
callosities in the male, as well as in the female and in the young ones. 
Brooke killed a male, which measured from head to heel, four feet. The 
Mias Tcassar is considered by the Malays and Dyaks as a different species, 
without cheek callosities in both sexes, much smaller and weaker ; hands 
and feet proportioned to the body, not such gigantic extremities as in the 
Pappan; the countenance projecting at the under part, and the eyes 
externally larger. Brooke killed two grown females, one with young, 
and an almost grown male. He supposes this Kassar to be Owen’s Simia 
morio: both species inhabit the same woods, yet Brooke did not find 
them together on the same day. The latter is most abundant. The 
third species, Mias Bamhi, from the report of the natives, must be as 
tall as the Pappan, or even taller, but not so stout, with longer hair, 
smaller countenance, and, in both sexes, wanting cheek callosities. As 
Brooke sent five live orang-outangs to England, we may expect some 
farther information in regard to these species. 
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