2a 
ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
[PART III. 
into the Amazonian valley. G-niana still boasts such remarkable 
forms as the cardinal chatterer (Phcenicocercus), the military 
chatterer ( PFcematoderas ), as well as Querula, Gymnoderus, and 
Gymnocepkalm ; but the first three pass to the south side of the 
Lower Amazon. Here also belong the cock of the rock (Rupicola ) , 
which ranges from Guiana to the Andes, and the marvellous 
umbrella-birds of the Rio Nigro and Upper Amazon (Cephct- 
lopterus), which extends across the Ecuadorean Andes and into 
Costa Rica. Brazil has Ptilochloris, Casiornis, Tijuca , Phibalura, 
and Calyptura ; while not a single genus of this family, except 
perhaps Ileliochcera, is confined to the extensive range of the 
Andes. Almost the same phenomena are presented by the 
allied Pipridae or manakins, the greater part of the genera and 
species occurring in Eastern South America, that is in Brazil, 
Guiana, and the surrounding lowlands rather than in the Andean 
valleys. The same may be said of the jacamars (Galbulidse) 
and puff-birds (Bucconidee) ; but the humming-birds (Trochi- 
lidse) have their greatest development in the Andean district. 
Brazil and Guiana have each a peculiar genus of parrots ; 
Guiana has three peculiar genera of Cracidfe, while the Andes 
north of the equator have two. The Tinamidse on the other 
hand have their metropolis in Brazil, which has two or three 
peculiar genera, while two others seem confined to the Andes 
south of the equator. The elegant trumpeters (Psophiidae) are 
almost restricted to the Amazonian valley. 
Somewhat similar facts occur among the Mammalia. At least 
3 genera of monkeys are confined to the great lowland equa- 
torial forests and 1 to Brazil ; Icticyon (Canidae) and Pteronura 
(Mustelidse) belong to Guiana and Brazil; and most of the 
Echimykke are found in the same districts. The sloths, ant- 
eaters, and armadillos all seem more characteristic of the 
eastern districts than of the Andean ; while the opossums are 
perhaps equally plentiful in the Andes. 
The preceding facts of distribution lead us to conclude that 
the highlands of Brazil and of Guiana represent very ancient 
lands, dating back to a period long anterior to the elevation of 
the Andean range (which is by no means of great geological anti- 
