CHAP. XVI.] 
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. 
159 
America. But the broad conclusions at -which we have now 
arrived seem to rest on a sufficiently extensive basis of facts ; 
and they lead us to a clearer conception of the mutual relations 
and comparative importance of the several regions than could 
be obtained at an earlier stage of our inquiries. 
If our views of the origin of the several regions are correct, 
it is clear that no mere binary division — into north and south, 
or into east and west— can be altogether satisfactory, since at 
the dawn of the Tertiary period we still find our six regions, or 
what may be termed the rudiments of them, already established. 
The north and south division truly represents the fact, that the 
great northern continents are the seat and birth-place of all the 
higher forms of life, while the southern continents have derived 
the greater part, if not the whole, of their vertebrate fauna from 
the north; but it implies the erroneous conclusion, that the 
chief southern lands — Australia and South America— are more 
closely related to each other than to the northern continent. 
The fact, however, is that the fauna of each has been derived, 
independently, and perhaps at very different times, from the 
north, with which they therefore have a true genetic relation ; 
while any intercommunion between themselves has been com- 
paratively recent and superficial, and has in no way modified 
the great features of animal life in each. The east and west divi- 
sion, represents — according to our views — a more fundamental 
diversity ; since we find the northern continent itself so divided 
in the earliest Eocene, and even in Cretaceous times ; while we 
have the strongest proof that South America was peopled from 
the Nearctic, and Australia and Africa from the Palsearctic 
region: hence, the Eastern and Western Hemispheres are the two 
great branches of the tree of life of our globe. But this division, 
taken by itself, would obscure the facts — firstly, of the close 
relation and parallelism of the Nearctic and Palsearctic regions, 
not only now but as far back as we can clearly trace them in the 
past ; and, secondly, of the existing radical diversity of the 
Australian region from the rest of the Eastern Hemisphere. 
Owing to the much greater extent of the old Palsearctie 
region (including our Oriental), and the greater diversity of 
