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GEOGRAPHICAL ZOOLOGY. 
[part IV. 
Fossil Quadrumana. 
Not much progress has yet been made in tracing back the 
various forms of Apes and Monkeys to their earliest appearance 
on the globe ; but there have been some interesting recent 
discoveries, which lead us to hope that the field is not yet 
exhausted. The following is a summary of what is known as to 
the early forms of each family : — 
Simiidce. — Two or three species of this family have been 
found in the Upper Miocene deposits of France and Switzerland. 
Pliopitheeus , of which a species has been found at each locality, 
was allied to the gibbons (. Eylobates ), and perhaps to Semno- 
pithecus. A more remarkable form, named Dryopithecus, as large 
as a man, and having peculiarities of structure which are 
thought by G-ervais and Lartet to indicate a nearer approach 
to the human form than any existing Ape, has been found in 
strata of the same age in France. 
Semnopithecidce. — Species of Semnopithecus have been found 
in the Upper Miocene of Greece, and others in the Siwalik 
Hills of N. W. India, also of Upper Miocene age. An allied 
form also occurs in the Miocene of Wurtemburg, Mesopithecus 
from Greece is somewhat intermediate between Senuiopithecus 
and Macacus. 
Remains supposed to be of Semnopitheeus, have also occurred 
in the Pliocene of Montpellier. 
Cynopithecidce. — Macacus has occurred in Pliocene deposits 
at Grays, Essex ; and also in the South of France along with 
Cercopithecus. 
Gebidee. — In the caves of Brazil remains of the genera Gebus, 
Mycetes, Gallithrix , and Hapale, have been found ; as well as an 
extinct form of larger size — Protopithecus. 
Lemuroidea. — A true lemur has recently been discovered in 
the Eocene of France ; and it is supposed to be most nearly allied 
to the peculiar West African genera, Perodictieus and Arctocebus. 
Gmnopithecus , from the Swiss Jura, is supposed to have affinities 
both for the Lemuridse and the American Cebidee. 
In the lower Eocene of North America remains have been 
