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GEOGRAPHICAL ZOOLOGY. 
[PART IV. 
In the caves of Brazil remains of two animals said to he ante- 
lopes, have been discovered. They are classed by Gervais in the 
genera Antilope and Leptotlierium, but the presence of true ante- 
lopes in S. America at this period is so improbable, that there is 
probably some error of identification. 
The extinct family Sivatheridse, containing the extraordinary 
and gigantic four-horned Sivatherium and Braniatherium , of the 
Siwalik deposits, are most nearly allied to the antelopes. 
From the preceding facts we may conclude, that the great 
existing development of the Bovidse is comparatively recent. 
The type may have originated early in the Miocene period, the 
oxen being at first most tropical, while the antelopes inhabited 
the desert zone a little further north. The sheep and goats seem 
to be the most recent development of the bovine type, which 
was probably long confined to the Eastern Hemisphere. 
General Bernards on the Distribution of the Ungulata. 
With the exception of the Australian region, from which this 
order of mammalia is almost entirely wanting, the Ungulata are 
almost universally distributed over the continental parts of all the 
other regions. Of the ten families, 7 are Ethiopian, 6 Oriental, 5 
Palsearctic, 4 Neotropical, and 3 Nearctic. The Ethiopian region 
owes its superiority to the exclusive possession of the hippo- 
potamus and giraffe, both of which inhabited the Palsearctic and 
Oriental regions in Miocene times. The excessive poverty of the 
Nearctic region in this order is remarkable j the swine being 
represented only by Dicotyles in its extreme southern portion, 
while the Bovidse are restricted to four isolated species. Deer 
alone are fairly well represented. But, during the Eocene and 
Miocene periods, North America was wonderfully rich in varied 
forms of Ungulates, of which there were at least 8 or 9 families; 
while we have reason to believe that during the same periods the 
Ethiopian region was excessively poor, and that it probably re- 
ceived the ancestors of all its existing families from Europe or 
Western Asia in later Miocene or Pliocene times. Many types that 
once abounded in both Europe and North America are now pre- 
served only in South America and Central or Tropical Asia, — as 
