CHAP. XVII.] 
MAMMALIA. 
227 
the tapirs and camels ; while others once confined to Europe and 
Asia have found a refuge in Africa, — as the hippopotamus and 
giraffe ; so that in no other order do we find such striking ex- 
amples of those radical changes in the distribution of the higher 
animals which were effected during the latter part of the Tertiary 
period. The present distribution of this order is, in fact, utterly 
unintelligible without reference to the numerous extinct forms 
of existing and allied families ; but as this subject has been suffi- 
ciently discussed in the Second Part of this work (Chapters YI. 
and VII.) it is unnecessary to give further details here. 
Order VIII.— PRO BO SC IDE A. 
Family 53. — ELEPHANTIELE. (1 Genus, 2 Species.) 
General Distribution. 
NEOTROPICAL 
Sub-regions. 
NE ARCTIC 
Sub-regions. 
Paljearctic 
Sub-regions. 
Ethiopian 
Sub-regions. 
Oriental 
Sub-regions. 
Australian 
S UB-REGIONS. 
1 2 
1 .2 . 3 . 4 
Living Species. 
Extinct Species. 
1 . 2 . 3.4 1 
13 - 
The elephants are now represented by two species, the African, 
which ranges all over that continent south of the Sahara, and 
the Indian, which is found over all the wooded parts of the 
Oriental region, from the slopes of the Himalayas to Cey- 
lon, and eastward, to the frontiers of China and to Sumatra and 
Borneo. These, however, are but the feeble remnants of a host 
of gigantic creatures, which roamed over all the great conti- 
nents except Australia during the Tertiary period, and several of 
which were contemporary with man. 
Extinct Elephants , — At least 14 extinct species of Elephds, 
and a rather greater number of the allied genus Mastodon (dis- 
tinguished by their less complex grinding teeth) have now been 
Q 2 
