228 
GEOGRAPHICAL ZOOLOGY. 
[part IV. 
discovered. Elephants ranged over all the Palsearctic and 
Hearctic regions in Post-Pliocene times; in Europe and Central 
India they go hack to the Pliocene ; and only in India to the 
Upper Miocene period ; the number of species increasing as we 
go back to the older formations. 
In North America two or three species of Mastodon are Post- 
pliocene and Pliocene ; and a species is found in the caves of 
Brazil, and in the Pliocene deposits of the pampas of La Plata, 
of the Bolivian Andes, and of Honduras and the Bahamas. 
In Europe the genus is Upper Miocene and Pliocene, but is espe- 
cially abundant in the former period. In the East, it extends 
from Perim island to Burmah and over all India, and is mostly 
Miocene, but with perhaps one species Pliocene in Central 
India. 
An account of the range of such animals as belong to extinct 
families of Proboscidea, will be found in Chapters VI. and VI T. ; 
from which it will be seen that, although the family Elepliantidse 
undoubtedly originated in the Eastern Hemisphere, it is not 
improbable that the first traces of the order Proboscidea are to 
be found in K America. 
Order IX, — HYRA CO IDE A . 
Eamily 54. — HYIiACIDiE. (1 Genus. 10-12 Species.) 
General Distribution. 
Neotropical 
Sub-regions. 
Ne arctic 
Sub-regions. 
PaL/EARCTIC 
Sub-regions. 
Ethiopian 
Sub-regions. 
Oriental 
Sub-regions, 
Australian 
Sub-regions. 
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1 . 2 . 3 - 
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The genus Hyrax , which alone constitutes this family, consists 
of small animals having the appearance of hares or marmots, 
but which more resemble the genus Rhinoceros in their teeth and 
skeleton. They range all over the Ethiopian region, except Mada- 
gascar ; a peculiar species is found in Eernando Po, and they 
just enter the Palsearctic as far as Syria. They may therefore 
be considered as an exclusively Ethiopian group. In Dr. Gray’s 
