474 
GEOGRAPHICAL ZOOLOGY. 
[PAKT IV. 
Tortoise-shell, Peacock, Painted Lady, and Purple Emperor 
butterflies. They are found wherever butterfly-life can exist, 
and some single species — like the Painted Lady (Pyrameis 
cardui) — range almost over the globe. A few of the more 
extensive and remarkable genera only, can be here noticed : — 
Colcenis, Agraulis , Eresia, Synchloe, Epicalia , Eunica, Euhagis, 
Catagramma, Callithea, Ageronia, Timetes, Heterochroa, Prepona, 
Hypna, Paphia, and Siderone, are wholly Neotropical, as well 
as many others which have a smaller number of species. 
Euryphene, Bomaleosoma , Aterica, and Harma, are exclusively 
Ethiopian. Terinos, Athyma, Adolias , and Tancecia, are Oriental, 
but they mostly extend into the Moluccan region; the last 
however is strictly Malayan, and Adolias only reaches Celebes. 
Mynes alone, is exclusively Australian, but Prothoe is almost so, 
having only one outlying species in Java. Eurytela and Ergo- 
lis are confined to the Oriental and Ethiopian regions, but the 
latter reaches the Moluccas. Cethosia , Cirrhochroa, Messaras , and 
Symphcedra , are both Oriental and Australian ; while Junonia , 
Cyrestis, Piadema, Neytis , and Nymphalis, are common to the 
three tropical regions of the Eastern Hemisphere, the latter ex- 
tending into the Mediterranean district, while Junonia occurs 
also in South America and the Southern United States. 
The most cosmopolitan genus is Pyrameis, which has repre- 
sentatives in every region and every district. Apatura is found 
in all but the Ethiopian and the Australian, although it just 
enters the confines of the latter region in Celebes ; Limenitis 
is abundant in the Oriental region, but extends eastward to 
Celebes and westward into Europe, North America, and even 
into South America. Argynnis, Melitoea, and Vanessa , are almost 
confined to the Palsearctic and Nearctic regions ; the former 
however occurs in the Himalayas and in the mountains of Java, 
and also in Chili and in Jamaica. Two genera — Dicrorrhagia 
and Relcyra — have both one species in North India and another 
in the island of Ceram. The number of genera peculiar to each 
region is as follows : — Neotropical, 50 ; Australian, 2 ; Oriental 
1 5 ; Ethiopian, 14 ; Palsearctic, 1 ; Nearctic, 0. 
