GEOGRAPHICAL ZOOLOGY. 
[part IV. 
400 
found in Chili and Temperate South America ; and it has been 
thought, that in a system of Entomological regions this part of 
the world must be united to the Northern Hemisphere. But these 
writers omit to take into account, either the large numbers of 
isolated and peculiar forms characteristic of South Temperate 
America, or the indications of affinity with Tropical America 
and Australia, both of which are really more important than the 
connection with Europe. The three important Chilian genera, 
Gctscdius, Barypus, and Card ioptha Imus, are closely allied to the 
Australian Promecoderus ; others, as Omostenus and Plagiotdium , 
are quite isolated ; while Antarctia and Mctius , according to 
Lacordaire, form a distinct division of the family. Chili, too, has 
many species of Pachyteles, Coptodera, and other South American 
genera; and this affinity is far stronger in many other families 
than in the Carabidse. The existence of representatives of 
typical northern forms in Chili, is a fact of great interest, and 
may be accounted for in a variety of ways ; (see Vol. II. p. 44) 
but it is not of such a magnitude as to be of primary import- 
ance in geographical distribution, and it can only be estimated 
at its fair value, by taking into account the affinities of all the 
groups inhabiting that part of the world. 
LUC ANKLE. (45 Genera, 529 Species.) 
Passing over a number of obscure families, we come to the 
remarkable group of the Lucan idee, or Stag-beetles, which, being 
almost all of large size, and many of them of the most striking 
forms, have been very thoroughly collected and assiduously 
studied. 
The most curious feature of their general distribution, is 
their scarcity in Tropical South America, and their complete 
absence from Tropical North America and the West Indian 
Islands, though they appear again in Temperate North America. 
In the New World they may, in fact, be looked upon as a 
temperate group characteristic of the extra-tropical regions and 
the highlands ; while in the Old World, where they are far more 
abundant, they are distinctly tropical, being especially numerous 
