132 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 
[Apru-, 
Contents for April, 1873. 
Apple, Origin of the Baldwin 142 
Barbarisms, Modern 138 
Bees, Advice to Beginners 109 
Blackberries, Management of. Illustrated. . 143 
Boys and Girls' Columns— Doctor's Talk about a Can- 
dle— Aunt Sue's Puzzle-Box— A Friendly Visitor. 
6 Illustrations. . 14", 148 
Buckeye, The Spanish Illustrated. . 141 
Calves, Hog-Dressed Illustrated. . 132 
Carnations and Pinks, Propagation of 142 
Cattle, West-Highland Illustrate,! . 183 
Codling-Moth again Mi 
Corn Planting 3 Illustrations. .1%) 
Farm, Earl of Warwick's Sewage 139 
Fanners and Patents 137 
Fence-Posts, Driving 3 Illustrations. . 136 
Fish-Oil and Scrap Business 139 
Flower-Garden and Lawn for April 124 
Fruit Garden for April 123 
Gearing, Wooden Illustrated.. 136 
Greenhouse and Window Plants for April 124 
Hints about Work 122 
Horses. Three to a Wagon 4 Illustrations.. 138 
Horticultural Items, Foreign 143 
Household Department— Cistern, or Water Hogshead 
— Mending Broken China— Hlnmination and Lamps 
—Home Topics— Recipes Illustrated. . 145, 146 
Jessamine, Carolina or Yellow Illustrated. . 144 
Kitchen Garden for April 123 
Market Reports 124 
Milk Jans, New Style of. 130 
Obituary— Prof. John Torrey Illustrated. . 121, 130 
Ogden Farm Papers, No. 38— Social Position of Far- 
mers—Barns—Feeding Turnips— English Plowing 
— Manure Question 131, 132 
Orchard and Nursery for April 123 
Pastnrs, Permanent 135 
Peackjs Here and in Englind ...143 
Peaches, New or Little Known Ill 
Plant-Covers or Protectors Illustrated. .143 
Pulleys, Use of. 4 Illustrations. .137 
Root-Slicer, An Improved Illustrated. . 130 
Saw-Set and Gauge 3 Illustrations. .137 
Screens, Water-proof 143 
Sheep, Scab in 138 
Soiling Crop for Hot, Dry Summers 130 
Stumps, Burning Illustrated . .136 
Swine— Small Breed of Pigs 130 
Tomato Premium, How it was Won Illustrated. .144 
Tree and Plant Swindlers 143 
Trochar 'or Cattle-Men 2 Illustrations. . 130 
Walks and Talks on the Farm, No. 112— Manure, Sci- 
ence, and Agriculture— Essex Pigs — Orchards — 
Top-dressing Grass Land 133. 135 
Willow, The Shining Illustrated. Ail 
Woodchuck, Curiously Deformed Illustrated. . 133 
INOEX TO "BASKET," OR SHORTER ARTICLES. 
Barlev and Beets 126, Lt Lucy Maria" 125 
Barn Plan 127 Manure, Cheap 129 
B"st Clover 120 Manure, Distillery Pig..l2S 
Billion ? What is a 12S Manure from Ton of Hay.129 
Bitter Milk 126 Manure, Spreading 128 
Book Notices 129 Manuring Clover..' 127 
Botany 125 Milk in the South, Price 128 
Bowels, Looseness of 128 Milk Farming 127 
Butter for Market, 126 Milk, Worms in 12S 
Catalogues Received — 129 Minnesota Colony 129 
Cattle, Stall-Feeding... 128 Money in Poultry 126 
Choked Horse 127 Mount Hope Nurseries.. 125 
Cleaning Sleigh-Bells.. .127'Oregon, Inquiries from .. 128 
Clover Hay or Rye and Original Fence 126 
Oats 126 Palpitation of Heart. . . . 127 
Constructing a Cistern . .127 Parsnips, Feeding 12S 
Corn, Plowing for 128, Pea-Meal 127 
Corn. Feeding 128 Peas in S. Ill 126 
Cows.IiestRoots forMilch128Peat Swamp 125 
Death or Dr. Shurtleff. . .129 Pcrrin Farmers' Club. . .127 
" J. S. Downer. 129 Persian Cyclamen 126 
" '• Sam'l Feast 12ft, Plaster on Potatoes 128 
Do Bots Kill ? 127 Plow, Best Potato 128 
Draining Salt Marshes. ..126 Plowing for Beans 127 
Dry Cellar 127:Potatoes, Superphos- 
Failing Fowls 127 phate for 128 
Farming, How to Learn .128 Potato Premiums 125 
Farming in Ct., Special. .128 Poultrv House 125 
Feed f >r Cows 127;Prolinc Bean 127 
Fish Guano 126 Rizena 129 
French Correspondence .125 
Frostwork on Glass... .128 
Gale. Automatic 128 
Geo. M. Patchen 128 
Rooting in Meadows 129 
Sap-Spouts 127 
Sawdust for Manure 128 
Seeding a Meadow 126 
G-rardias 128 Seeding Orchards 126 
Girdled Trees 127, Small Potatoes... , 129 
Grass, Harrowing Tonngl38 Soaper's Waste 125 
Greenhouse Queries...! .126 Squashes. Large 129 
Grist Windmills ^Stretches .. . . 127 
Hand Corn-Drills 129 Subsoiling, Does it Dry 
Hard Times 127 the Surface 128 
How many Rows? 128 Sundry Humbugs 125 
Tb.iv much Butter ? 127 Sweet-Potato 12S 
Indigestion 127 To Inquirers 125 
Lambs Dying 127 Trouble with Sheep 127 
Lampas. .' .126 Value of an Essex 127 
Land. Value of. 128 Veterinary Surgeon 126 
Late Rose 125 Utilizing Blood 127 
Lawns and Mowers 129!Wells, Drive 128 
Leaky Cistern 127 Winter in N. W 129 
Calendar for April. 
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7 
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8 
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211 
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S 
28 
M 
29 
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W 1 
Boston. NEng- 
I'lud.X, York 
State. Mtciil- 
gun. Wiscon- 
sin, Iowa, and 
Oregon. 
< - < 
h.mIh.m 
5 43 6 211 
5 42i6 28 
5 4016 29 
5 38 6 30 
5 3ti|6 31 
5 34 fi 32 
5 32 6 33 
r. 31 4 
5 29 6 35 
5 IS I', 
5 IO16 
5 14 6 45 
5 13 6 4? 
5 11 6 48 
5 10 1; 49 
5 8 6 50 
6 6 51 
5|6 52 
3 6 53 
2 6 54 
18 55 
4 50 6 56 
4 58 6 58 
4 56 59 
H. 31. 
11 34 
morn 
38 
1 38 
2 24 
3 
5 40 
4 8 
4 31 
4 54 
rises 
6 20 
7 35 
8 43 
9 53 
11 3 
morn 
12 
1 13 
2 1 
2 41 
3 16 
3 45 
4 11 
4 35 
sets 
8 10 
9 12 
10 25 
11 23 
A 7 . r.Citu. CI., 
Philadelphia, 
?iew -Jerspy, 
Penn.. Ohio. 
Indiana, and 
Illinois. 
II. M II. 31 
5 4', 6 24 
5 41:6 26 
5 42J6 2 
5 40 6 28 
5 3s 6 29 
5 36 6 30 
5 31 fi ::i 
5 31,6 82 
5 31115 33 
5 29,6 34 
5 28 6 35 
5 20 fi : fi 
5 25 6 3 
5 21 
5 22 
5 21 
5 19 
5 r 
6 38 
6 39 
6 40 
fi 41 
6 42 
5 16 11 41 
5 14 6 45 
5 13 6 46 
5 1116 47 
5 in'6 48 
5 96 49 
5 7|6 50 
5 66 51 
5 5 6 5? 
5 3 6 58 
5 2 6 51 
5 55 
11 28 
morn 
31 
2 17 
3 
3 35 
1 4 
4 28 
4 58 
rises 
6 23 
7 32 
8 SO 
9 48 
10 57 
mnrn 
6 
1 6 
1 55 
2 36 
3 13 
3 43 
4 10 
4 36 
sets 
8 6 
9 7 
10 15 
11 19 
Washington, 
Maryland, 
Virginia. Ken- 
tucky. Missou- 
ri, and Cali- 
fornia. 
Il.M 11.31' 
5 46 6 23 1 
,5 45 6 24 
5 43,6 25i 
5 41 16 26 
5 4(1 fi 87 
5 S8|6 28 
Id 38'6 29 ! 
5 3516 SOI 
5 83.6 31 1 
.'1 31 fi 32 
6 S3 
5 f §s ^1 
H. 31. 
11 22 
inorn 
25 
1 25 
2 11 
2 54 
3 30 
4 
4 26 
4 51 
rises 
6 27 
7 29 
8 35 
9 43 
10 51 
11 59 
morn 
59 
1 49 
2 31 
3 9 
3 41 
4 9 
4 36 
sets 
7 52 
9 1 
10 3 
11 12 
5 24 
5 21 
5 22 
5 20 
5 19 
6 31 
6 35 
6 36 
6 37 
6 3S 
6 39 
6 10 
6 41i 
5 17(6 421 
5 16'6 13; 
5 14 6 44 
5 13 6 45, 
•' 12 6 4fi 
5 106 46 
5 9 6 47 
5 86 48 
5 6 6 49 
5 r, >; 50 
5 3lG 51 
rilASES OF THE MOON. 
HOOK. 
BOSTOX. 
X. TORK. 
WAsn'N. 
CHA'STON 
CHICAGO. 
D. 
n. h. 
n. 31. 
n. jr. 
H. 3t. 
1st Quart 
4 
1 52 ev. 
1 40 ev. 
1 28 ev. 
1 16 ev. 
46 ev. 
Full M'n 
12 
5 7e3\ 
4 55 ev. 
4 43 ev. 
4 31 ev. 
3d Quart. 
20 
14 m. 
52 ni. 
40 m. 
28 m. 11 58 19th 
New M'n 
26 
5 58 ev. 
5 46 ev. 
5 31 ev. 
5 22 ev. 
4 52 ev. 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 
NEW YORK, APRIL, 1S73. 
The winter has been a gloomy one, and we are 
glad the spring is come. We shall have less time 
to brood over our difficulties. We must take our 
coats off and go to work. The good ship Agricul- 
ture has weathered many a storm. Some timid 
ones arc just now proposing to run her on shore. 
They think she is going to the bottom. They had 
better man the pumps, stop up the leaks, and make 
things snug and tight. Keep away from the rocks 
of speculation, combination, and indolence. In 
the open sea there is no real danger — only a little 
privation. The storm will blow over, and we shall 
laugh at our fears. If we could put the croakers 
on shore we would. We have not much respect 
for the men who propose to throw the provisions 
overboard. Neither have we much sympathy with 
those farmers who propose to get up a combination 
to "produce only half a crop, and thus advance 
prices fourfold." Such men are not farmers. 
They have no right to such an honorable name. 
No real, kind-hearted farmer wishes to see the poor 
widows and orphans in our cities compelled to pay 
$40 a barrel for flour or 50 cents a pound for poor 
beef and mutton. The writer is a farmer and the 
son of a farmer, but he wants no fellowship with 
men who seriously entertain such sentiments. 
"He that withholdelh coru, the people shall curse 
him ; but blessings shall be upon the head of him 
that selleth it." 
The true remedy for " hard times " is hard work. 
" In all labor there is profit ; but the talk of the 
lips tendeth only to penury." " He that tilleth his 
land shall have plenty of bread; but he that fol- 
loweth after vain persons shall have poverty 
enough." 
As we said before, we are glad the season for 
work is come. We shall feel better when we get 
into the fields and turn up the fresh soil. It is not 
true that we are producing too much wheat or too 
much good beef, mutton, cheese, butter, and wool. 
Wheat will be very scarce before next harvest, and 
even a partial failure of the crop now on the land 
would send wheat up to famine prices before the 
harvest of 1874. 
Our aim as farmers must be, not to produce less, 
and not necessarily to produce more, but, rather to 
produce a bettor article at less cost to •urselves. 
Sooner or later an article will bring what it is 
worth; and no cerabination can long make it 
bring more than it is worth. There is nothing in 
the present outlook to discourage a good farmer. 
Hints about Hoik. 
TFAa( is Work? — We have said hard work is the 
only remedy for hard times. 'By hard work we do 
not mean necessarily back-breaking, muscle-strain- 
ing labor. A man might work very hard digging 
a garden that could just as well be plowed ; or he 
might work hard breaking the lumps of manure on 
the land by band that could lie just as well broken 
to pieces with a harrow. We mean by hard work 
effective work. We mean labor that tells. 
Hard Work is doing what your reason and your 
better judgment tell you ought to be done, and 
doing it promptly, at the right time, whether you 
fed like it or not. 
Laying^Plans and writing down what you intend 
to do and how to do it, is often the hardest kind of 
work for a farmer. 
Head over your List of Tilings to be Done. — It is no 
use laying plans unless you carry them out. Read 
over what you have written down. Make up your 
mind what ought to be done first, and then go at 
it and stick to it until it is done. 
Hiring Farm Men. — Make up your mind how 
many men you will need, and if not already done, 
hire them now for the season. Wages are high, 
and we must all try to get along with as little help 
as possible. 
The Best Men are the Cheapest. — This is true whe- 
ther you board your men or let them board them- 
selves; but it is especially true in the former case. 
Better give a good man §25 a month and board 
than a poor man SIS and board. It is wortli §10 a 
month to board a man. One will cost you §35 a 
month and the other S2S, while a good, skillful, 
reliable, experienced farm liana >vill accomplish 
twice the work of the stupid, careless man who 
cares nothing for your interest and thinks about 
nothing but his money and his dinner. 
Married Men are the most reliable. Build good 
houses for them, and make it worth their while to 
stay with you year after year. 
Give the BoysWork, and take pains to teach them. 
It is to this source that we must look for our best 
farm men. 
Furnish the Boys Good Tools. — Do not work them 
too hard. Do not impose upon them, and thus 
disgust them with farming. A boy's sense of jus- 
tice is very keen. Do not let the farm men order 
the boys about, and make them run errands, and 
do all the disagreeable things. 
Ploiving. — Start the plows as soon as the frost is 
out of the ground and the soil dry enough to 
crumble to pieces. 
Barley is usually sown on corn stubble. We 
have plowed land for barley in a dry spring as soon 
as the first five or six inches of the surface soil 
was thawed out, while underneath there was a bed 
of frozen earth. And we never had a better crop — 
over 50 bushels per acre. 
Soui the Barley as fast as the land is plowed. If 
sown broadcast, scatter the seed on the furrows 
before harrowing. Then cultivate and barrow. 
If drilled, which is by far the better plan, cultivate 
and harrow first. Then drill and follow witli a 
light harr9\v. We drill in two bushels per acre. 
If broadcast, 2}± is none too much seed. 
Six-rowed Barley brings a higher price than two- 
rowed, and when the crop is to be sold is the more 
profitable kind to sow. For feeding out on the 
farm the two-rowed should be grawn. It is heavier, 
more nutritious, produces more straw, and does 
not ripen until after the winter wheat is cut. The 
six-rowed is usually ripe at, the same time as wheat, 
and both crops have to be attended to at the same 
time. 
Roll the Barley Land.— This is very important, 
not so much for the benefit of the growing plants 
