1873.] 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 
339 
Nos. 1, 2, 10, mul It can be flushed only from 
outlets a and b. All the others are low enough 
for e. 
Of course, any portion of the land may bo 
flooded at pleasure, the directions above being 
given only as an illustration. 
« i «!■ i - 
Proportion of Cream to Milk. — The 
proportion of cream to milk yielded by cows of 
the various breeds used in the dairy were ascer- 
tained by experiment in England some time 
since to be as follows: Brittany cows, 19.37 to 
22.00 per cent of cream; Jerseys, 18.65 to 20.00 
per cent; cross of Jersey and Shorthorn, 17.95 
to 19.05 per cent ; Shorthorn or Durham, 15.32 
to 18.56 per cent ; Devon, 14.87 to 17.00 per 
cent ; and Ayrshire, 13.47 to 14.84 per cent. 
The variations depended on the feed, which for 
the lowest yield was grass or hay only, and for 
the highest was the most abundant food of the 
richest character that could be procured. As a 
general thing, however, cream is yielded in 
larger proportion in our dairies than in those 
of England. We have been assured by Mr. 
Crozier, of Northport, L. I., that he has taken 
one quart of cream from three quarts of milk 
from one of his Jersey cows. 
Moreton Farm. 
One of the editors of the Country Gentleman 
has been on a visit to " Walks and Talks," and 
in the issue of that paper for July 24th thus 
pleasantly relates what he saw: 
"During a recent social visit at the residence 
of Joseph Harris, near Rochester, N. Y., we 
made some.observations in which our readers 
may be interested, more especially as Mr. 
Harris is widely kuown'as one of otw mr>st dis- 
tinguished scientific farmers, and has success- 
fully reduced to practice the principles which 
lie had adopted after assisting in the celebrated 
experiments of Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert, at 
Rothamstead, England, in connection with 
many years of experience in this country. We 
do not, under the above mentioued circum- 
stances, propose to give the details of Mr. Har- 
ris's farming, but merely to note some interest- 
ing particulars connected with it. 
"Moreton Farm contains 285 acres, and has 
been owned and occupied 1>3 T Mr. Harris about 
ten years. When he -first took possession it 
was in a wretchedly neglected and run-down 
condition. With so much to be done in the 
way of improvement, he has not yet reduced it 
to so perfect a condition as to enable him to 
adopt throughout a regular rotation, but much 
has been accomplished towards that end. Un- 
derdraining was the basis, or rather the first 
thing, towards improvement, and several miles 
of tile have been laid. The land was an ex- 
ception in that region in the amount of small 
and large stones distributed over its surfaoc or 
sunk into the soil. Many of these have been 
removed, and rough and stony ground changed 
to mellow, easily cultivated fields, and the 
stone placed in handsome walls as farm fences. 
Fine crops were seen growing on this renovated 
land. 
" The aggressive department of the farm man- 
agement at Moreton Farm is the war against 
weeds. Mr. II. is determined not to cultivate 
them. If a part can be destroyed, according to 
the practice of imperfect farmers, there is no 
reason why the remainder may not, according 
to the determination of thorough farmers. We 
saw no weeds lining the fences, so common 
elsewhere. A fifteen-acre corn field which we 
examined had been harrowed four times over 
the whole surface when the corn was small 
with a smoothing-harrow, and the man who 
had the field in charge was then running the 
one-horse cultivator the fifth time between the 
rows. Such thorough work leaves little chance 
for vegetable intruders. 
" The underdraining is done by the hired men 
at seasons when other work is not pressing. 
The tile is laid from three to four feet deep in 
most instances. Sometimes it can be laid only 
two feet, but deep draining is found to be best, 
the soil being mostly of rather light character, 
witli occasional portions of heavy loam. The 
surface is undulating, and irregular lines are 
therefore generally necoesary for the mains. 
About seven miles of drains hare been con- 
structed, and the descent being quite moderate, 
large tile are required for the main drains, vary- 
ing from four-inch pipe to five-inch, double five- 
inch, and in some cases ten inch in diameter — 
which discharge neatly full in the wettest wea- 
ther. The result of underdraining has been 
very satisfactory. In one place, on low land, 
was seen a luxuriant crop of oats and peas 
growing together ; a similar crop last year 
yielded 86£ bushels on an acre. In another 
place we saw a remarkably dense and satisfac- 
tory crop of clover, the result of drainage and 
thick sowing. 
"Those who have read Mr. Harris's ' Walks 
and Talks on the Farm,' in the American Agri- 
culturist, will remember his occasional allusions 
to 'the Deacon's' management on an adjoining 
farm. The Deacon does not believe in all the 
new notions, and repudiates nnderdrainnge. On 
riding past his wheat field, we estimated the 
crop at three "bushels per acre of wheat and 
more uf weeds. TJiuTcrctiuincd, judging from 
the appearance and quality of the soil, it would 
probably have yielded at least twenty to twenty- 
five bushels of wheat. It must be conceded, 
however, in order that strict justice may be 
done to the Deacon, that wheat through this 
part of the country was unusually poor this year 
from winter-killing, and that ho was not alone 
in a light product. His management generally, 
however, is not of such a character as to give 
him heavy farm profits, and he lias to depend 
on other sources, such as agency and commis- 
sion business, for comfortable living. 
"Among other objects of interest on Moreton 
Farm is a fine Northern Spy orchard of 220 
trees, about twelve years old. This sort is usu- 
ally long in coming into bearing, and these 
trees do not yet afford full crops. Last year 
they gave fort}' barrels, and this year promise 
more. The land is in pasture, and is kept 
grazed short by Cotswold sheep, besides receiv- 
ing top-dressings of manure. The trees were 
in medium or good thrifty condition, the annual 
shoots eight or ten inches long. A few trees in 
cultivated ground grew rather more vigorously. 
The sheep are in the orchard in the daytime, 
and keep the grass very short; at night they 
are allowed better feed in another field. The 
fruit grows fairer or freer from the codling- 
moth each successive year, as these animals 
reduce their numbers by eating the small fallen 
apples. The sheep never attack the bark of 
the trees. 
"The largest receipts from the farm are ob- 
tained from the sale of Essex pigs. Mr. II. 
prefers this breed to all others, giving better 
side-pork than the Berkshires, and not being 
so restless. He has at the present time about 
150 animals, which have so high a reputation 
that orders come in as fast as they increase. 
Last year his sales amounted to $4,000. His 
treatise ' On the Pig ' gives therefore his own 
experience. 
" On the whole, the farming at Moreton ap- 
pears to be quite successful. The profits, other 
than from the sale of pigs, are a fair return from 
the land; and the constant increase in the value 
of the farm is by no means to be overlooked. 
It was bought at a comparatively low price, in 
a run-down condition, and with the improve- 
ments has cost $80 per acre, or $22,000 for the 
farm. It is fairly estimated, according to the 
market priceof adjoining land, at $150 per acre, 
or over $40,000. Mr. Harris occupies the dwell- 
ing which he found on the place, lives as a 
comfortable country resident, enjoys the pro- 
ducts of the farm and garden, and the domestic 
comforts which may be gathered around a 
pleasant rural home. 
"A ride of several miles in the neighborhood 
exhibited many objects of interest, this part of 
the county being nearly level or slightly undu- 
lating, with occasional views of great extent 
and magnificence, embracing many miles of 
cultivated farms, the distant city, and a long 
horizon of the blue waters of Lake Ontario. 
Many pleasant looking homes indicated the 
competence of their owners; some farms, how- 
ever, showed the imperfect management to 
which they were subjected, and briers, elders, 
and burdocks lined the fences. These were the 
exception, while some others were models of 
neatness, the fields exhibiting heavy crops. We 
were struck with the hundreds of acres of 
beans which were seen in a ride of a few miles; 
this crop, we were told, often yielded twenty- 
five bushels per acre, occupied the ground for 
a comparatively short space of time, and 
lirought cash for the product. Some, however, 
have gone into the business of bean raising 
without knowing, by experience, the requisites 
for success, and will probably be glad to with- 
draw after they have learned that skill and ex- 
perience are required for all operations." 
Breaking Colts. 
■ — 
The education of a colt should commence at 
soon as it is weaned. Even before this time it 
may learn much, although the main business of 
its life can not well be undertaken earlier. 
From the very first it may, however, be taught 
to become fearless of those around it, and made 
familiar with them, and be reduced to discip- 
line; and if no tricks are played with it, and it 
is not teased or trifled with, it will learn to have 
confidence in its owner, and will generally grow 
up free from vice and ill-temper. Before it is a 
year old, it should be broken to the halter, 
taught to stand when tied, and to lead. These 
lessons should be given gradually, and for a 
very short time on each occasion, until the ani- 
mal understands exactly what is meant. When it 
leads quile easily without dragging on the hal- 
ter, it may be taught its paces. The first lesson 
is to walk. Gradually the pace should be quick- 
ened, until it can walk quite briskly. For a 
farm horse, this is the most important thing to 
be learned. A horse that can walk with ease 
four miles an hour is worth more than two that 
can walk but two miles in the same time; for it 
will do as much work with half the feed as 
two horses of the latter kind will perform. 
There must be no hurry in all this teaching, 
but at the same time it should be made a busi- 
ness of, and the lessons be given regularly. 
When it will lead steadily, the halter may be 
taken by the end and the colt taught to lead 
