1872.] 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 
97 
the motion i8 increased until the crank-wheel to 
which the dasher of the chum is connected 
makes a hundred revolutions per minute. The 
dasher of course makes the same number of 
strokes. The motion depends on the weight 
attached to the cord, aud may be lessened or in- 
creased by adding to or taking from that. About 
twenty-five to thirty pounds will give the requi- 
site motion for a small churning. Borne little 
CHURNING BY WEIGHT-POWER. 
experience is needed iu this, but once learned it 
is easily kept regular. To get a hundred revo- 
lutions of the crank-wheel a motion of the 
■weight of two feet per minute is needed, so that 
if the weight is suspended twenty feet above 
ground it must be wound up every few minutes. 
With an increased weight and a regulator, 
heavier work may be performed. There is no 
patent on this. 
Where can Artesian Wells be made? 
Several inquiries have been made in regard to 
Artesian wells — their cost, character, and the 
nature of the ground in which they may be sunk. 
As a reply to all these inquiries we have prepared 
the illustration here given, which will make 
plain the nature and mode of operation of these 
wells. In the great "Western plains, as well as 
on some of the more central prairies, Artesian 
wells will be found, when practicable, of ines- 
timable value. Not depending at all on the 
character of the surface, few regions of country 
SECTION OF ARTESIAN WELL. 
are so barren or arid but water in abundance 
may possibly be procured from deep-buried un- 
derground streams. Such wells have been sunk 
in the hot, arid deserts of Africa, and water has 
been brought to the surface and has rendered 
them habitable. The engraving represents the 
surface of a tract of country of indefinite extent 
— it may be ten, fifty, or hundreds of miles with- 
out in any way changing the principle on which 
these wells operate. Several distinct strata of 
rock or earth are here represented. The de- 
pression in the surface of the highest ground, 
marked E, is supposed to represent the bed of 
a river, which lies on sandstone or limestone 
rock or gravel or any other porous material. 
Beneath this stratum and above it are others of 
impervious material, such as rock or clay, 
through which water can not pass. This bed 
of porous rock or earth is depressed into a val- 
ley, and is covered with beds of sand, clay, 
gravel, or rock, as the case may be, represented 
by the letters a, b, c, d. Thus it will he seen 
that the water escaping from the river bed or 
by natural rain-fall into this porous bed will 
follow it along its course, filling all its interstices, 
until it can escape in the shape of springs at 
some natural outlet, wher- 
ever that may be. But sup- 
pose wells are sunk at the 
spots marked W, W; as soon 
as they reach the porous 
stratum through which the 
water is passing the stream 
is tapped, and it rises to the 
surface, and as the surface is 
lower than the bed of the 
river or the ground whence 
the supply is first received, it 
overflows, or if confined may 
be carried up in pipes to a 
hight equal to that of the 
original source. If the 
source furnishes a sufficient 
supply, an unlimited num- 
ber of wells may be sunk 
wherever they can reach this porous stratum, 
and the region capable of furnishing water in 
this way will be exactly equal in extent to that 
of the water-filled stratum beneath. Thus, 
there is needed before such wells can be sunk 
successfully the following conditions — viz. : Two 
impervious beds of rock or clay, inclosing be- 
tween them a bed of gravel, sand, or rock con- 
taining pores or tissues, as sandstone or lime- 
stone, and a source superior in hight to the loca- 
tion of the well. Sometimes also there are 
beds of gravel or sand above the water through 
which it would escape unless the well be 
tubed, but as wells are necessarily tubed, ex- 
cepting when passing through rock, little diffi- 
culty occurs on this account. 
The fine Artesian well at Chicago,wbich pours 
forth a continuous and very large 
amount of water, is supposed to 
derive its supply from the Rock 
River, over a hundred miles distant, 
the water passing through a bed of 
limestone containing extensive fis- 
sures or caverns. The town of 
Fond du Lac, in Wisconsin, called 
the Fountain City from its numer- 
ous flowing wells, also derives its 
supply of water from a bed of fis- 
sured limestone, and very probably 
from the same river, and iu such a 
well-marked case as this, if the 
source is really the same, the whole 
country between these two cities 
could be depended on as a suc- 
cessful field for the sinking of wells. It 
will be thus seen that some acquaintance 
with the geography aud geology of a country 
is necessary before it can be predicted that 
wells may be sunk with success. In the ab- 
sence of any such knowledge, large amounts 
of money have beeu spent in sinking for water 
without success, both in the United States and 
in foreign countries. With proper tools and 
experience in the work, the cost of these wells 
is very moderate— from one to three dollars 
per foot, as the nature of the earth or rock 
may cause the sinking to be easy or difficult 
It is probable that this very important ques- 
tion for the inhabitants of the Western plains 
will soon be completely solved, as Artesian wells 
are being sunk in many places by the various 
railroad companies, and a few experiments suc- 
cessfully made will locate the bounds of the 
water-bearing stratum of rock or gravel so that 
other parties may bore with some amount of 
certainty of procuring water. 
A Farm Stable. 
We present herewith illustrations of a farm 
1.— PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF BARN. 
stable recently built on Dr. C. F. Heyward's 
farm at Newport, R I., by our Ogden Farm 
correspondent, who has charge of the improve- 
ment of the estate. 
It has stalls for twenty cows, four oxen, and 
two horses, and will stow about ten tons of hay 
in the bays, and, in an emergency, five more on 
the thrashing floor. It is intended to keep the 
main store of hay in a hay-barn already stand- 
ing and in Dutch hay covers. On this place, 
there being a large amount of pasture land, it is 
not intended to "soil" the stock, and the object 
has been only to furnish comfortable quarters 
for the cattle, where they may he conveniently 
fed and milked with the least expense possible. 
Everything is built in the plainest manner, and 
as cheaply as permanent usefulness would 
Fig. 2.— SECTION OF BARN. 
allow. The costof the building, including cellar, 
foundation wall, etc., has beeu about $1,250. 
The building stands sideways against a gentle 
slope, the fall being about five feet in the width 
of the barn (36 feet), a very little artificial grad- 
ing having brought the cattle floor on one side 
and the manure cellar on the other, to the 
ground level. Under the cattle and horse stalls 
there is one large cellar for manure, with two 
wide entrances for carts. Under the thrashing 
