1372.] 
AME RIGAN AGRICULTURIST. 
21' 
advantages of deep plowing be gained without 
any of the evil effects which are so often ex- 
perienced when the raw subsoil is suddenly 
brought up. A correspondent from Quincy, 
111., sends us the sketch from which the engrav- 
ing has been made, and in sending it asks if it 
A CALIFORNIAN CHURN. 
pays to subsoil, and when it should be done — 
questions which arc sufficiently answered above. 
A Californian Churn. 
A "Subscriber" from Yuba City, California, 
sends us a sketch of a churn which, he says, is 
in common use in his locality, and which he re- 
commends to u J. P. C," Dayton, Ohio, who 
lately inquired for a good one. It is a square 
box, hung on a frame by two corners, diagonally 
opposite to each other, and is turned by a crank, 
as shown in the illustration. A hole from which 
the buttermilk is drawn is made at one corner, 
and is closed by a peg. An opening for putting 
in the cream and removing the butter is made 
on one face of the box, and is closed by a 
bar, sliding across it. When the butter is 
made, the buttermilk is drawn out by remov- 
ing the peg. Cold water is turned in, and the 
butter sufficiently washed and gathered by 
slowly turning the churn. In using a churn 
with so many comers, much care should be taken 
to keep it perfectly clean and thoroughly sweet. 
A Cultivator with an Adjustable Wing. 
e • 
John L. McColley, of Wood Co., Ohio, sends 
us a model of a movable wing cultivator which 
he made three years ago on a hint from the 
American Agriculturist that such a machine 
width, as almost all corn-rows are necessarily, 
more or less. He has used it for three years, and 
finds it a very useful implement, and desires to 
give it to the public through our columns. It is 
four feet long from point to heel, the handles 
three feet nine inches. The wings are hinged 
to the central piece by means of common 
wrought-iron butts. The central piece carries 
a wheel at its hinder end, and is pivoted so that 
the wheel can be depressed and the depth of 
working be thereby regulated. The spread of 
the wings is lessened or increased at will by 
pushing or drawing in of the handles, and they 
are kept stationary when desired by the adjusta- 
ble bar, which passes through a slot or opening 
in the right-hand wing. This bar is flat, and is 
punched with several holes, into which a pin is 
pressed by the movement of the small handle 
hinged to the handle of the right wiug. This 
small handle is kept elevated by a spring, and 
thus the pin is retained iu its place and the 
wings prevented from spreading. By pressing 
down on the handle, the pin is raised and the 
wings can be spread or drawn iu. The teeth 
are seven in number, three on each wing aud 
one on the center. They are made in any de- 
sired shape, fixed to half-inch round iron stocks 
which pass through the wings, aud are fastened 
with a nut so as to be removed when necessary. 
The different parts are all clearly shown in the 
engraving, where they are drawn to scale, 
which is three quarters of an inch to a foot. 
Loading Hay. 
To Fasten a Horse. 
Where there is no hitching-post handy, a 
ADJUSTABLE-WINO CULTIVATOR 
was practicable and would be useful. With it I 
he cultivates corn in rows that arc of irregular I 
MANNER OF HITCHING A HORSE. 
horse may be safely tied in the following man- 
ner — viz. ; Take the reins aud pass them round 
underneath the hub out- 
side of the wheel, and give 
them a bitch on to one 
of the spokes, as shown 
in the above cut. If the 
horse starts, the reins are 
drawn up, instantly check- 
ing him, and as soon as he 
commences to back they 
are instantly loosened. It 
is quite impossible with 
this method that a horse 
can go when he is not 
wanted to. The plan here 
presented is not a new one 
at all, and we believe a 
fixture to attach to the 
hub to hold the reins 
has been patented, but 
it in nowise interferes with the method itself, 
which, though very simple, is veiy effectual. 
The more skillful a farmer or a farm laborer 
is in handling his tools the more valuable is Ins 
work. Time is saved, aud the " useful effect," 
as mechanics would say, of his work is in- 
Fig. 1. — HAY-BOLSTER. 
creased. Now, there is nothing more valuable 
in a farmer's work than rapidity and effective- 
ness at any lime, but more especially at harvest 
time, when so much depends on the sudden 
changes of the weather. Thus, in loading hay 
or grain upon the wagou, it is important that it 
be done quickly, aud iu such a mauner as to 
economize space, for it is scarcely possible to 
get more hay or straw at a load than a team 
will draw, aud very often not half a load is 
made by reason of faulty loading. A farmer 
needs good hay-racks in the first place. An- 
other needed thing is a bolster of a good shape 
on which to place the rack. We figure a bolster 
especially adapted for a hay-rack. It, is made 
of a stout piece for the bottom of sufficient 
length to fit the wagou, and 4x4 inches thick. 
Standards of 3 x 3 are mortised iu an outwardly 
sloping position near the ends of the bottom 
piece, fitting closely aud pinned tightly. Short 
braces are then mortised in at a, a, fig. 1, fitting 
loosely, so that they may be easily removed and 
held in their places by pins, also easily mov- 
able. A hole is bored in the bolster for the 
king-bolt which retains it in its place. To place 
the rack, which is made of two ordinary hay- 
ladders, remove the braces (a, a), put the ladder 
in position as shown in the engraving, replace 
the braces, and put in the pins to retain them. 
The ladders may be made of spruce poles, 
which arc light and strong, peeled, and bored at 
distances of two feet apart, with three-quarter- 
inch holes. In these holes are placed the rungs 
of hickory or white-oak, which should be tough 
' • 0- 
Fig. 3. — HAT-LADDER. 
and strong because they are needed to be light. 
The upper part of the rungs project six or eight 
inches through the upper pole, aud wrought 
nails are driven into each pole and through the 
rungs to keep them in their places. The lad- 
ders may he made fourteen or sixteen feet long, 
and are kept spread by means of a stout board 
at each end, in which are bored holes to receive 
the ends of the rungs over which they are 
placed. A long, narrow slot is made in this 
board, through which is passed another nar- 
rower piece of hoard which stands up in front 
of the load, and is used to carry the lines on, so 
that they will not annoy the leader nor trail on 
