CLIMATE, HORTICULTURE, AND AGRICULTURE. 
471 
an esculent. It has been also found in the 
Society Islands, and in Japan; and was intro- 
duced to this country in 1772. It attracted 
no notice as a vegetable in Europe until about 
1819, when an account of it was published at 
Paris, and about 1821 it was grown in Eng- 
land, as a substitute for spinach in the sum- 
mer, to which it is preferred by many, as pos- 
sessing a superior flavour, and being more 
tender than spinach can be grown at that 
season without very great trouble. 
The seeds should be sown about the middle 
of March, singly in small pots, and placed in 
a cucumber frame, or similar situation, until 
they attain some size, taking care not to draw 
the plants up weak. As they advance they 
should be shifted once or twice into larger 
pots, and be gradually inured to the open 
air, so that by the end of May, they may be 
turned out into a rich warm border, at least 
six feet plant from plant. As soon as the 
roots lay hold of the soil their growth will be 
very rapid, and they will soon cover all the 
ground allotted to them. In dry weather they 
should have copious supplies of water, which 
will greatly increase the succulency of the 
leaves, although the plant will flourish in very 
dry places during the hottest summer, and in 
such situations produce the greatest abundance 
of seed. When first cultivated it was usual 
to ridge them out, almost in the same way as 
cucumbers, but this is not at all necessary, as 
where once grown, plants generally spring up 
during the following summer, and if a few be 
allowed to stand they will succeed the crop 
raised as above directed, furnishing larger and 
more succulent leaves, when the first, are 
partially exhausted. Occasional watering and 
keeping down weeds is all the attention the 
plants require after they are fairly established. 
In gathering the leaves, they should be pinched 
oft' singly, taking care not to damage the tops 
of the leading branches until the ground is 
well covered ; but when that is the case the 
quickest way is to nip off the points of the 
young shoots about two inches long. They 
will be quickly succeeded by other crops as 
long as the weather continues warm enough for 
the plant to flourish, which is generally until 
after the frost has destroyed such plants as 
gourds and nasturtiums. From four to twelve 
plants will be found to yield a sufficient crop 
for most families ; twenty would supply the 
largest establishments. 
CLIMATE, HORTICULTURE, ANI> 
AGRICULTURE. 
It has been thought by many persons, that 
there was little or no difference between these 
kindred sciences, or at least that it was diffi- 
cult to draw the line »\f demarcation at which 
one commences and the other ends. It cannot 
be found in the crops produced-, because, 
although wheat, barley, and other grain, can- 
not be said to belong to Horticulture, and 
pine apples and grapes belong not to Agri- 
culture, yet these are subjects upon which 
there can be no mistake, only because they are 
so far removed from the line which separates 
them : turnips and carrots are as much con- 
nected with one as with the other ; so also are 
other crops, which are as much belonging to 
the garden as the field. Looking then to the 
best mode of describing the difference, we 
should say that Agriculture is dependent on 
climate, and Horticulture independent of 
climate. The one has to produce crops in the 
Open air, without protection, and in their 
season - y the other is the art or science of pro- 
ducing crops by various means, and out of 
season. Mr. Daniell once having to define the 
two branches clearly, in a paper written at the 
request of the Secretary of the Horticultural 
Society, said : — 
" Horticulture differs from Agriculture in 
one very material respect. The latter has for 
its object the fertilization of the soil by 
manures, and the different processes of culti- 
vation, in the manner best adapted to the 
peculiarities of any given climate : it concerns 
itself only with the growth and nourishment 
of such plants as are indigenous, or, by a long 
course of treatment, have become inured to 
the vicissitudes of weather incidental to a par- 
ticular latitude. The former occupies a much 
wider field of research ; it not only seeks to 
be conversant with the constitution of soils, 
but, as it aspires to the preservation and pro- 
pagation of exotic vegetation, it necessarily 
embraces the consideration of varieties of 
climate ; and it labours, by art, to assimilate 
the confined space of its operations to that 
constitution of atmosphere which is most con- 
genial to its charge, or to protect them at 
different periods of their growth from sudden 
changes of weather, which -would be detri- 
mental to their health. Experience has 
anticipated theoretical knowledge in suggesting 
various artijices, hi/ which these ends may he 
effected; a connected view of which has never, 
I believe, been attempted ; but may prove to 
be not without interest and utility. The 
suggestions of experience may probably en- 
large the conclusions of theory, while it is not 
impossible that the improved state of the 
latter, ma)/ he found to furnish some assistance 
to the former." 
We are not quite sure that we .-hall go the 
length of this with Mr. Daniell, for we have 
great doubt whether theory is in an improved 
slate, and also, whether it has in any degree 
assisted, or is calculated to assist the expe- 
rience which has anticipated theoretical 
