FOB, COLONISTS AND EMIGRANTS. 
143 
Growing Tcenips, Carrots, Mangold 
"WuRTZEL, Parsnips, Cabbages, yarious 
SEEDS, Peas, Beans, and all other crops of 
the kind, is merely gardening on a larger 
scale ; they are all useful as food for cattle, 
and the sowing of them can only be deter- 
mined upon according to the climate of the 
place, and the seasons that the climate pro- 
duces. 
STOCK ; AND FEEDING IT. 
The principal advantage to the emigrant is 
pastui'age ; he may keep sheep by wholesale, 
with an experienced shepherd ; these, there- 
fore, want no feeding. Hogs, cattle, and 
horses, have a whole domain to range upon, 
if the emigrant has any extent of grant. But 
there must be pork, and poultry, and cows at 
home, and these will all aid in the supply of 
manure. There ought to be an enclosed farm 
yard, to which all the waste of the garden 
should be thrown to be devoured, trampled 
on, and converted into manure ; for where 
there is much vegetable waste there is of course 
much less dry food required. Pigs may live 
on vegetable food and roots all the while they 
are growling, and boiled potatoes, parsnips, 
carrots, and beet root, are all nourishing 
food ; it is only when they are put up for 
fatting that they should have meal and peas, 
or beans, or Indian corn bruised. Fowls 
generally fare well in farm yards, especially 
when the food is common to all ; they will 
mess with the pigs, and come in for their 
share ; and when corn is given to them, it 
should be where nothing else can get at it. 
The cow, besides green meat, may have tur- 
nips, carrots, beet root, mangold wurtzels, 
cabbages, and hay ; and all the animals may 
be brought to eat almost any thing. In the 
farm-yard there should be comfortable sheds 
and houses for the various inhabitants. The 
fowl-house should have nests and roosts out 
of the way of vermin ; but much depends on 
the climate, as to how nearly you can assimi- 
late the farm-yard to those of England. 
There may be a difficulty in keeping fowls, 
geese, turkeys, and the like ; but you cannot 
do better than take an English farm for your 
model, and come as near to it in all the es- 
sentials as possible. 
DWELLINGS. 
The contrivance of some sort of dwelling 
house may form no part of the gardening or 
farming ; but as no man can make a tent last 
for ever, or depend on canvass for a perma- 
nent protection against the weather, he must 
look out for a house over his head as soon as 
he has well made up his mind where he in- 
tends to put it. In countries where wood is 
plentiful, the quickest mode of building is to 
use the trunks of the trees whole, or nearly so. 
These may be called log houses. The trunks 
being selected, or cut to the same lengths, cut 
them with an adze to form a flat side, which 
mf 
of course will be, as the trunk lies, the upper 
side ; then turn it over and cut the opposite 
side flat, and see that it is of the same thickness 
all along. Prepare as many as you will re- 
quire, of the same thickness the whole length. 
But although we say, do this with an adze, it 
would be done better with a saw, if you chose 
to make a saw-pit. These logs so cut, and 
laid upon one another, form a strong, thick 
wooden wall, and when clamped together, 
and stuffed with tow, or any other material, 
as warm as bricks and mortar could be, and 
even warmer tlian a nine-inch wall could be. 
Eight or ten of these logs, one on the other, 
will form a tolerable height ; the lower ones 
may be of the thickest, and you may reduce 
the sizes as you get higher, both for the sake 
of the lighter lifting, and the safety of the 
wall. Of course these logs must be cut very 
flat on the upper and under sides, that they 
may lie close. The lengths must be adjusted 
to answer your purposes, and there should be 
two lengths for ever so small a house, that the 
joints may be broken, some lying one way 
and some the other, thus — say they are twelve 
feet and eight. This evidently increases the 
strength of the wall, and when they are 
clamped together nothing can upset them. 
The simplest and rudest plan will be a lean- 
to roof, because the top can be thatched with 
grass, straw, weeds, underwood, or any kind 
of litter that can be contrived ; and the whole 
concern can be knocked up in a short time, 
as a place several degrees warmer and better 
than a tent. Say the sides shall be twenty 
feet long, made by eight feet and twelve feet 
logs, the highest side ten feet high, and the 
lowest five, and the width about ten ; the 
rafters would then be about eleven feet, to 
reach from the high side to the low side. As 
