1804] 
AMERICAN AQRICULTUItlST. 
fi.sr, 
The first la made Into cordage or 
may bfl used for 
: mingled with flour f*>r making brand. 
Tin- paper pulp Is of a pure white end makes :l beautiful 
quality «■! paper. The manufacture has progn 
lo its present >t;it»- of perfection gradually! as .it fii t :h a 
entire plan! was use I lo make a coarse paper. Now on 
account of the other products, a paper ofgreni excellence 
Is made at a irerj low coat! In August of last year the 
Impei In] paper mill In Austria was prepared to uscluo.ooo 
IDS. of husks per week, mid to purchase 50,000,000 lbs. 
after harvest* This manufacture la likely to Increase, 
no other country affords so fine a field for it as our own. 
Concrete Setting for Fence I*ost«. 
There la constant Inquiry for some means of setting 
fence posts so that they will not heave by the frost. 
The following Is sug- 
gested as offering nt an 
expense of a few rents 
per post, an effective way. 
A hole is dug about as 
larue as a Hour barrel, but 
wider at the bottom than 
nt the top, on two sides 
at least. The post is set 
upon a stone laid in the 
bottom and the hole is 
filled up rapidly with con- 
crete made of good hy- 
draulic cement, mixed 
with half as much again 
sharp sand or gravel as 
would be used in making 
builders* mortar ; and dur- 
ing the rilling, as many clean stones, large and small, are 
thrown in as can be buried in the mortar. Posts thus set 
will be firm as rocks, and will not decay below ground. 
Preserving Timber, !»©■***, etc.— 
" Subscriber," of Iowa, asks, What is the process called 
"/Tyeniztngr"? It is the impregnation of timber with 
corrosive sublimate (chloride of Mercury). The name 
is also loosely given to impregnating timber with other 
metallic salts. " Burnetizing" is filling the pores of wood 
with chloride of zinc, which is by far a cheaper salt. 
Dlue vitriol {sulphate of copper) te also extensively 
used. It is better to use green or unseasoned than dry 
wood, and softer kinds of wood are more easily impreg- 
nated than the close, heavy kinds, like oak. Wood of 
rather open pores, elm, poplar, Scotch fir, larch, and even 
beech, may be thoroughly impregnated by setting it on 
end, covering the lop end with an air-tight cap, connected 
by a tube with a tank containing the liquor set some 
30 or 40 feet higher. The pressure forces the sap out al 
the other end, and when the liquid appears, the process i^ 
ended. The wood is also placed in air-tight cases, and 
the air exhausted by an engine, and the liquid then ad- 
mitted, which is forced by the pressure into the pores 
which have been emptied of the air. They use about 100 
parts of water lo 1 of blue vitriol or J£ of chloride of zinc. 
Lice on Cattle.— "Logan." A judicion* 
use of mercurial ointment will destroy lice on calves and 
all neat cattle; mix it with 3 or 4 limes as much laid and 
apply a mass as large as a hickory nut behind the horns 
and along the back. It is dangerous used carelessly. 
Snaring "WoodeliacVs.— A. R. Taylor 
gives his method of catching woodchucks: A slip-noose 
about 4 inches across is made of fine copper wire; the 
wire extends about six inches beyond the loop and is 
fastened to a stake by a — 
piece of strong cord. If ^- jj 
the wire is fastened to 
the stake, the animal will 
twist it off; as he always 
bites at the wire near his 
neck, there is no danger 
of parting the string. The 
wire noose is placed at the mouth of the hole and 
catches the animal as he comes out. If the snare is 
pushed aside, it is too small and must be made larger, 
and if the hole is very large, it must be partially closed 
by a stone or piece of turf. The engraved diagram 
shows the stake, twine and wire noose. 
"Wool Wasninax-— u What deduction ought 
to be made for unwashed wool 1" This question we are 
glnd to see is being discussed a good deal among farmers. 
It is better for the farmers not to wash the wool on the 
sheep's back. When wool is unwashed, dishonest farmers 
can cheat more easily than if it is washed clean No 
doubt the deduction of one-third is far too much on an 
average, and covers loss to the buyer even in very bad 
lots. What is a just deduction? A subscriber in Mary- 
land washes his fleeces with great success in Doly's 
u i htng Machine, the Aoecea, coming out beautifully 
rlctii, and in excellent order for aalo or for carding. 
A Queer I-VenU of* a Pear*— Those who 
hare paid any attention to the structure "i plants are 
aware thai all their parts are considered us root, ■ tcm, or 
leaf, in-xtilir ! to mo particular ends. The flower is 
really a cluster of leaves 
adapted to a particular pur- 
pose, nnd the fruit Is some- 
limes a modified, fleshy leaf; 
sometimes, ns In the straw- 
berry, the soft nnd pulpy end 
of the stem ; and again, as Is 
shown in the fig, (page 205.) 
it is a hollow, fleshy stem, 
with the remains of a vast 
collection of flowers. In the 
pear and apple, both the end 
of the stem and the calyx or 
leafy portion of the flower, 
become soft and juicy lo 
form the fruit, and the points 
of the calyx usually remain 
at the top of the fruit, or at 
the end opposite the slem. 
Mr. I. Buchanan recently 
called ouraltention to some curious pears produced from 
a second crop of blossoms in his grounds at Astoria. 
There was a cluster of three, all curiously malformed. 
We have figured two of these of the natural size, the 
older and larger one is much like fig. 1, and both show 
the curious ap- //" 
pe'nrarjce of one 
fruit proceeding 
out of another. 
The sepals, or 
part of the calyx, 
are much enlarg- 
ed, and stand 
around the se- 
condary f r u i t, 
while from the 
apex of this there 
is a small projec- 
tion indicating an 
attempt to pro- 
duce a third. A 
dissection failed 
to show clearly 
the nature of these supernumerary fruits. The smallest 
specimen, fig. 2. has the parts of the calyx converted 
into small but well developed leaves, like the ordinary 
ones of the tree, showing that the calyx is really modi- 
fied leaves and that this is an attempt at what is called 
" retrograde metamorphosis." 
Planting- Quincunx.— This is a desirable 
method of setting trees, in which the trees in one row are 
opposite the intervals of those in the nexl one. "V. G. 
P M " finds the following the easiest way to obtain the 
exact distances. First lay out the first row, A to D, and 
mark the places for the trees at the proper distances. 
This can be done quickly by means of a cord of the right 
length, with a pointed stake of hard wood at each end. 
Selling one stake at A, the other will mark B, then the 
first stake can be carried over to C, and so on. Now lo 
get the places for the next row, set one stake 'at if, and 
strike a semi-circle with the other and continue doing so 
from every place marked for a tree in the first row. The 
point where these semi-circles cross will indicate the 
places for the second row, and by using these points as 
pivots, the places in the third row will be found. The 
diagram will enable one to understand the manner of 
working. The dots represent the places for the trees. 
BCosiit Production in .liiclii^an.'— 
J. D. Sturlevant, of Muskegon Co., writes : " This sea- 
son has been so dry that the farmers on our oak openings 
were obliged to resort to some othor business besides 
farming for a living. Some two or three have experi- 
mented in rosin from the common while pine. The 
White Turpentine is saved as you propose on page 255 
(Sept. No.), and simply boiled down, thereby losing all 
the oil or spirits of turpentine, but saving Ihc rosin,* 
sample of whli a I tend foi your table. They think; they 
can rani i mow . »i II i i oo halt present prices, ($40 to 
$JU per bbl.J The:. ; , . . ., , ■ , , mess 
on a larger scale another spring."— The sample li 1 Jit 
colored, clear and free from speck*, a very nice article. 
Laying; out Oval*.— It is often desirable 
to make an oval bed, and it is Impossible 10 do li <■"! reo 
ly by the eye. G. G, Crowluy, strikes two circles, as 
shown In the diagram, which may be done by means of 
twobticks and a string. Then set the sticks Upon Ilia 
string as far apart as from 
b to c, place one point be- 
low </. which may be 
found by moving it until 
the other point will touch 
1, t, and complete the 
oval. The figure may be 
lengthened by placing the 
circles further apart. 
This is, however, not a regular oval, but parts of four 
circles. A true oval, which is the same at each end, Is 
mathematically an ellipse. Such a figure is most con- 
veniently laid out by marking out a straight line exactly 
where (he long diameter of the oval should be, and cel- 
ling two stakes, c, a, fiz. 'J, on this Hue not quite ?o far 
apart as vou wish to have 
the length of the oval. Then 
pass a cord around both , 
slakes and draw il out to I 
about the width you wish 
the oval to be, and tie it. 
Then with a pointed stick 
at r, fig. 2, held within the cord as represented, draw the 
curve which will result from moving the stick, e, around, 
keeping the cord taut all the time. A very little shifting 
of the stakes, c and rf, and a slight variation of the leneth 
of the cord will enable one to change the shape of the 
oval from a very long narrow ellipse to nearly a circle. 
Plans'* to l>e Gained. — Several persons 
have sent leaves only, which can not be identified with 
any certainly. Wm. Hall, Vernon Co., Wis., sends 
Echinocystis lobata, noticed in Sept. Dasket .. Kale S. 
Wright ; Ampclopsis quinq-ucfolia, or Virginia Creeper. 
grown in shade — A. J. L., Randolph Co., Ind.. the 
shrub is the Shrubby St. Johns wort, Hypericum pro! ifirum. 
and worth cultivating. . ..L. B. P., Weston, Vt. The shrub 
is not the Jersey Tea, but the Bush Honeysuckle, Dier- 
villa trijida, closely related to the Wei gel a, from China, 
now much cultivated ; the creeping thing is Potentitla 
argentea, the Silvery Cinque-foil, very common in barren 
soils M. It. A., Celastrus scandens, figured in August 
Agriculturist H. J. Ackerman : No. 1, is Golden Co- 
reopsis, Coreopsis tinctoria, and No. 2, is FeverfewvPy 
rethrum Parthenium % bolh common in gardens.... Lizzie 
W., West Charleston, O., Queen of the Prairie. Spiraa 
lohata, a fine native species worth removing to the garden. 
W. Ford, Rutland Co., Vt., and M. R, Dale, Daleville. 
Pa., Adlumia cirrhosa, a beautiful climber, called Climb- 
ing Fumitory and Alleghany Viae ...A. R. Gale. Fill- 
move Co., Minn.; Gentians crimta, the Fringed Gentian, 
a beautiful late bloomer, in low grounds. 
A Convenient fiffelp in Tree Plant- 
lug.— An account of a very simple contrivance for se- 
curing straight rows in orchard planting, was published 
in the Agriculturist for April, 1S5J. This article and the 
figure has been used by several journals without any 
credit, and we take this occasion to reclaim it. as well as 
to bring it to the attention of recent subscribers. The 
apparatus is simply a board about S feet long, with an 
augur hole near each end, and an opening from one side 
to the center, large 'enough to receive the tree. The dia- 
gram shows the shape. Besides this, a number of wood- 
en pins will be required. JLark out the ground and put 
a stake in the exact place where each tree is lo stand. 
Put the board down, with the center opening over (he 
slake, and drive two plus into the ground through llio 
holes near the ends of the board. The board is now lifted 
off, leaving the pins in Ihc earth, and the hole is dug for 
the tree. After the hole is made, replace the board 
on the pins, and the center opening will give the exact 
place occupied by the marking stake, and consequently 
the place to set the trunk of the tree, which may be in- 
troduced through the side opening in the board, and held 
there while the hole is being filled. 
<* rnfi itE^ Grapes.— S. C. Frcy, Clark Co., 
O., grafted his Isabella vines last autumn, with Dela- 
wares. according to the directions given in the Septem- 
ber Agriculturist of last yenr, .Mr. F. is so well pleased 
