122 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 
[April, 
Contents for April, 1870. 
Abronia ;..: Illustrated.. Hi 
Achyranthes Liudenii Illustrated. . 144 
Alsike Clover Illustrated. . 136 
Bailey, The Cultivation of 139 
Boat for Getting Ont Muck Illustrated. .137 
Boys' and Girls' Column?.— Under Broadway — Bees — 
What will Pit Him to lie a Farmer ?— Items— How 
the Chinese Cultivate and Make Tea — New Prob- 
lems and Puzzles — Answers. ..3 Illustrations . .147-148 
Budding the~Grape-Vine 4 Illustrations . 
Canada Thistles and other Weeds 2 Illustrations. 
Collecting Sea-Fowl's Eggs. 
14-2 
.130 
. Illustrated.. 140 
Com Fodder as a Soiling Crop 139 
Crab-Apples 2 Illustrations . .142 
Dog and Sheep Power for Churning. . .2 Illustrations . .136 
Farm Work in April 122 
Flower Garden and Lawn in April 124 
Fruit for the North-west 141 
Fruit Garden in April 123 
Green-house and Window Plants 124 
Horse Papers for Farmers — No. 4 132 
House, A Convenient Country or Village. .6 lltus. . 128-129 
Household Department. — A Shaded Garden Seat- 
Scouring Knives, etc. — "Sun-light Oil." — A 
Household Humbug — How to Cook Dried Beef— A 
Letter on Washing-day Matters, by Faith Roches- 
ter — How to Have a Variety in Food — Citron and 
Raisins— Recipes 3 Illustrations. . 145-146 
New Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums Illustrated. .144 
Ivy-leaved Toad-Flax Illustrated. .144 
Jerusalem Artichoke 135 
Kitchen Garden in April 123 
Manure for the Garden 144 
Market Reports * 125 
Ogden Farm Papers.— No. 4— Best Bull for Dairy 
Stock— Preparing for Soiling Corn— Thorough- 
bred Slallion— Butter in Winter— Bntter Workers.131 
Opium Culture 143 
Orchard and Nursery in April 123 
Osier Willow as a Hedge 133 
Parsnips, How to Raise 139 
Poultry — nints on Turkey Raising 188 
Poultry— The Snltan Fowls Illustrated.. 133 
Premiums 124 
Proposed New Vegetable — Pobjmnia edulis lttus..\<& 
Quadrupeds — The Northern nare Illustrated. AW 
Relics of the Grape Mania 143 
Spring Flowers— The Twin-leaf Illustrated. .141 
Swine— Essex Pigs Illustrated. .121-130 
Three-story Barns 5 Illustrations. .137 
Tobacco Culture 130 
Walks and Talks on the Farm— No. 76— Manuring for 
Immediate Effect — Summer-fallowing — Manure 
from Cows— Price of Farm Labor -134-135 
Wooden Shoes for Horses 4 Illustrations.. 138 
IXDEX TO "BASKET" OR SMALLER ARTICLES. 
Allen's Catalogues 127 
Am. Botanist & Florist. .126 
Bad Smelling Cisterns.. 129 
Bark Louse 127 
Barn Itch 126 
Best Roots for Milch 
Cows 129 
Burning Bones 127 
B*tonOiole Bouqnets./«.127 
Cabbage Book 126 
Charleston Floral Ex 127! 
Chesapeake & Ohio R. 
R. Bonds 126 
Climbing Fern. 12T 
Clover for Pigs 127 
Corn-stalks for Mulch... 126 
Corn vs. Wheat in Va. . .127 
Cropping an Orchard 127 
Feeding Jersey Cattle. . .126! 
Fruit in Iowa 126 
GoodPigs 127, 
Grafting the Hickorv 127 
Hair for Mattrass. . ." 120 
Harrison the Pig 129 
House Building Quest's. 129 
How Crops Feed. . . 127 
How to Apply Manure. . .127 
How to Manage a 7-acrc 
Farm 130 
Improving Hogs 129 
Inland Fisheries 127 
Meadow^ To Improve. . .127 
Name Your State 126 
Norway and other Oats .. 130 
Ohio, Frnit.and Bugs 126 
Peaches in Ind '. 127 
Plaster on Clover 127 
Raising Lambs by Hand. 127 
Rose-bugs on Vines 127 
Sap Spouts 130 
Setting Trees 126 
Shot-land in Ky 127 
Sundry Humbugs 126 
Torrey Bot. Chili 127 
Tree Pedlers 126 
Vine Protector ///. . 127 
Weeds of Maine 127 
Weights of Ayrault Oxenl20 
Will it Pay to Raise Cat- 
tle ? 129 
Back Volumes Supplied.— The back volumes 
of the Agriculturist aie very valuable! They contain 
information upon every topic connected with rural life, 
out-door and in-door, and the last thirteen volumes make 
up a very complete library. Each volume has a full index 
for ready reference to any desired topic. We have on 
hand, and print from electrotype plates as wanted, all the 
numbers and volumes for thirteen years past, beginning 
with 1857— that is, Vol. I6I0 Vol. 2S. inclusive. Any of 
these volumes sent complete (in numbers) :it $1.75 each 
post-paid, (or $1.50 if taken at the office). The volumes, 
neatly bound, are supplied for $2 each, or f 2.50 if to be 
sent by mail. Any single numbers of the past thirteen 
years will be supplied, post-paid, for 15 cents each 
Calendar for April. 
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AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 
NEW YORK, APRIL, 1S70. 
However much winter we may have in March, 
we are sure to have spring in April. At the time 
of writing, our summer-like winter is tardily as- 
serting itself, and making spring' dates like apples 
of Sodom — or broken promises. Farmers are like- 
ly to have their generalship and management sorely 
taxed, for a late spring puts one's power of every 
kind to the test. If a farmer cannot multiply men 
and teams to suit the tardiness of the season and 
his own convenience, he must manage his work to 
accomplish the most possible with the fewest steps 
of men and teams, and in the shortest time. A late 
spring does not insure a late June, but we may 
calculate on rather an early one— no harm will be 
done whether it conies or not. We are too apt to 
look over the fence, and plan work by our neigh- 
bor's, and take somebody's else estimate of the 
weather, etc. Men seldom blunder in getting 
ahead with work. The common failing with 
American farmers is, that they cannot manage men 
except as foremen, doing half as much again work 
as any man they can hire. If such a one makes 
farming pay, it is by the labor of his hands rather 
than by " the sweat of his brow," which we are in- 
clined to interpret as meaning Jiead-work." — "By 
the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat bread." One 
of the best farmers we know, says, sometimes he 
fairly longs to do a clay's work, but he can't afford 
the time. Now and then he. takes hold just to 
show the men that he knows exactly how he wants 
the work done; but his time is worth double or 
triple what it will cost him to labor in the field. We 
train our boys to work, that they may know how 
to do everything well ; but they should also be 
trained to manage hands, and plan work. It re- 
quires both to make an accomplished mrmer. No 
farm work can be done without hands, tools, and 
teams, and it is the farmer's first business to pro- 
vide these, then to make good use of them. 
Farm Hands. — The rate of wages keeps pretty 
high in spite of the low prices realized for most 
farm products. Cities are crowded with men who 
demand a little higher wages than the majority of 
farmers are willing to pay ; but the numbers going 
to parts of the West and South indicate that the 
labor market receives bids from every section. 
Hints About Woi-k. 
Live-stork. — As the weather grows warmer, ver- 
min increase in numbers on live-stock of all kinds. 
The long coats upon horses, cattle, and sheep, fa- 
vor their increase, and when once they have a foot- 
hold, only vigilance in the thorough application of 
remedies will rid one's stables. Washing with car- 
bolic soap we have found effectual. Those who 
have not, must have used the solution too weak. 
The enrr-v-comb, or card and brush, arc efficient 
also, and do all kinds of animals much good. 
Spring is a trying season with most stock, and all 
should have plenty of feed and water, with all the 
salt they want. Let cattle and horses drink all 
they will, unless heated, or very thirsty. 
Milch Cows. — Feed new milch cows liberally, 
giving roots with bran or oil-meal. Cows that 
have not calved should have less of like food. 
Calves, to be reared, should be as well fed as 
those intended for the butcher, unless they be of 
those breeds like Jerseys, Kerrys, and Brittanys, in 
which diminutive, or small size, is a point of excel- 
lence. We believe in removing calves to be brought 
up by hand, at once from the cow, and teaching 
lhem to drink from the very first. It is much safer 
to trust them with the cows in the same pastures 
afterwards. Sour milk will produce scours, and 
boiled milk, thickened with a little fine wheat 
flour, will pretty surely check it, if not neglected. 
Working Oxen, that have been doiug little during 
the winter, will be liable to have sore necks if the 
yokes and bows do not fit well. If much is de- 
manded, give extra feed, and groom like horses. 
Beeves should have the range of a yard on fine 
days, after feeding. Give them no chance at the 
grass until they are turned out into rich, fattening 
pastures. Oxen well wintered, and not over-' 
worked, will do a great amount of labor if well 
fed, and turned out in June, will fatten rapidly. 
Horses. — Groom daily and thoroughly. LTavc 
especial care that they are not chilled after work, 
.and that feed and water arc not given too soon. At 
this time, when, in addition to the labor required 
of them, they are renewing their coats, they are 
peculiarly sensitive to cold and exposure. 
Birds are great company about a house, and a 
great protection against insects. Court the garden 
Wren, and set little houses about, at reasonable 
distances apart, for them. They trouble no fruit, 
and Bluebirds are equally good as insect killers. 
Getting out Manure. — Determine how many loads 
you will put upon an acre; then, knowing the size 
of the lot, it is easy to calculate in how many 
heaps a load should be dumped, and how far apart 
they should be. With a definite calculation, and 
the first row of heaps along a straight side accu- 
rately laid, the field may be evenly covered. 
Homing. — The land should be dry — no packing 
of the soil, nor water standing in the furrows, 
should be seen. The swivel plow is coming greatly 
into favor, because it leaves no dead furrows. A 
similar advantage attends back furrowing, but this 
requires close calculation to come out right. For 
root crops, no implement is better than the Michi- 
gan plow, provided the land can have a good top- 
dressing, or the crop manured in the drill. In 
plowing for grain crops, however, the manure 
should be kept near the well-pulverized surface. 
Braining. — Where surface drains will expedite 
the removal of water from the land, oj^en them 
with the plow and shovel ; and if opportunity 
offers, when other work will not be hindered, set 
all the hands that can be spared at underdraining. 
Grain Fields. — Pick off stones, top-dress with 
"hand manures," sow clover seed, and roll if the 
plants have been heaved by the frost. A good 
flock of sheep driven over the land has much the 
same effect as a roller upon grain and grass. 
Grass Land. — Permanent meadows need little at- 
tention at this season except vigorous letting 
alone. If there are stones which have worked to 
the surface, it is a good time to remove them ; 
and where the grass is failing on gravelly knolls, 
and such places, a sprinkling of gypsum and ashes 
