1867.] 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 
26-5 
DRAINING FOR PROFIT 
DRAINING FOR HEALTH. 
By GEO. E. WARING, Jr., 
ENGINEER OP THE DRAINAGE OF CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK. 
Illu.stra.tecl. 
TABLE OF CONTENTS: 
LAND TO BE DRAINED AND THE 
REASONS WHY— Indications of the need of draining — 
Sources of water.— Objections to too much water.— Wet 
sub-soil. 
HOW DRAINS ACT AND HOW 
THEl 7 " AFFECT THE SOIL.— Characteristics of well laid 
tile drain.— Surface-water and rain water beneficial, 
springs and soakage water injurious. — Cracking of stiff 
clays.— Evaporation and filtration.— Rain fall.— Evapor- 
ation.— Temperature.— Drought. —Porosity or mellow- 
ness.— Chemical action in the soil. 
HOW TO GO TO WORK TO LAY 
OUT A SYSTEM OF DRAINS.— Amateur draining.— 
Maps. — Levelling instruments.— Outlets and location of 
drains.— Main drains. — Spring water. — Fall.— Tiles.— 
Deptli and distance apart.— Direction of laterals.— Col- 
lars.— Discharge of water from drains. 
HOW TO MAKE THE DRAINS.— 
Tools.— Marking the lines.— Water courses.— Outlet.— 
Silt Basins.— Opening the ditches.— Grading.— Tile laying. 
—Connections.— Covering the tile and filling in.— Collect- 
ing the water of springs.— Amending the map. 
HOW TO TAKE CARE OF DRAINS 
AND DRAINED LAND. — Removing obstructions.— Mis- 
take of substituting large tiles for small ones which have 
become obstructed.— Heavy lauds should not be tram- 
pled while wet. 
WHAT DRAINING COSTS. 
Draining, expensive work.— Their permanence and last- 
ing effects.— Cheapness versus economy.— Details of cost. 
—(1. Engineering and Superintendence.— 2. Digging the 
ditches.— 3. Grading the bottoms. — 1. Tile and tile laying. 
—5. Covering and filling.— 6. Outlets and Silt Basins.) 
WILL it pay ? 
Increased crops required to pay cost of draining.— (Corn, 
"Wheat, Rye, Oats, Potatoes, Barley, Hay, Cotton, Tobac- 
co.)— Instances of profit.— Benefit of draining in facili- 
tating farm work. 
HOW TO MAKE DRAINING TILES. 
Materials.— Preparation of earths.— Moulding tile ma- 
chines.— Drying and rolling.— Burning.— Kilns.— General 
arraugement of a tilery. 
THE RECLAIMING OF SALT 
MARSHES.— Extent of marshes on the Atlantic Coast.— 
The English Fens.— Hail aem Lake.— The exclusion of sea 
water.— Removal of the causes of inundation from the 
upland.— Removal of rain fall and water of filtration.— 
Embankments.— MuskraLs.— Rivers and Creeks.— Outlet 
of drainage. 
MALARIAL DISEASES. 
Fever and Ague.— Neuralgia.— "Vicinity of New York.— 
Dr. Bnrtlctt on Periodical Fever.— Dr. Metcalfs Report 
to \J. S. Sanitary Commission.— La Roche on the effects 
of Malarial Fever.— Dr. Salisbury on the "Cause of Ma- 
larial Fevers."— English experience.— Reports to the 
British Parliament.— Cause of Malaria removed by 
draining, 
HOUSE AND TOWN DRAINAGE. 
Sewerage.— The use of pipes.— The new outfall sowers In 
London.— The use of steam pumps to secure outlets.— 
Utilization of sewage matters in agriculture— Effects of 
Imperfect house drainage on health.— Typhoid fever.— 
The Westminster fever In London.— Epidemic at Hie 
Maplewood Yonng Ladies Institute in Pittstleld, Mass.— 
Lambeth Square, London.— Back drainage,— Water sup- 
ply— General Board of Health, (England). 
BENT POSTVPATfl. I>RIC3, $l,Mi 
QRANCe JUDD & CO., 
A NEW WORK. 
SMALL FRUIT CULTURIST. 
41 Park Row NewYorU. 
By ANDREW S. FULLER, 
PRACTICAL HORTTCTTLTtTRlST, ErDGEWOOD, BERGETT CO., N. J. 
A new work, and the only one devoted to Small Fraits. 
Special treatises of this kind have the advantage that the 
author can more thoroughly discuss his subject, and go 
into greater detail, than in a work embracing both large 
and small fruits. The work covers the whole ground of 
Propagation, Culture, Varieties, Packing for Market, etc. 
Contents: Introduction— I. Barberry — II. Straw- 
berry— IH. Raspberry— IV. Blackberry— V. Dwabf 
Cherry— VI. Currant— VLT. Gooseberry— Vrtl. Cor- 
nelian Cherry— LX. Cranberry— X. Huckleberry— 
yt Shepekdia— XII. Preparation for Gathering 
Fruit. 
We predict that this work will bring Mr. Fuller many 
enemies, as he has given his opinion about varieties 
without reserve. On the other hand it will the more 
strongly endear him to all true lovers of horticulture, as 
these wish to have the merits of fruit given without refer- 
ence to the persons who introduce them. 
While very full on all the small fruits, the Currants and 
Raspberries have been more carefully elaborated than 
ever before, and in this important part of his book, the 
author has had the invaluable counsel of Charles 
Downing. The chapter on gathering and packing fruit 
is a valuable one, and In it are figured all the baskets 
and boxes now in common use. The hook is very Snely 
and thoroughly illustrated, and makes an admirable 
companion to his Grape Cultnrist. 
SENT POST-PAID. PRICE, $1:60 
NEW YORK: 
ORANCEJUDO & CO., 
41 PARK BOW. 
HINTS TO HORSE-KEEPERS, 
A COMPLETE 
MANUAL FOR HORSEMEN. 
BT THE LATE HENRY "WILLIAM HERBERT. 
(FEA^E FOBESTEn.) 
Beautifully Illustrated. 
HOW TO BREED A HOUSE.— 
CHOICE OF STALLION.— National Valne of the Horse— 
The best class of Horses the cheapest for all purpose*— 
"What constitutes excellence— Blood: what it gives - 
should he on the side of the Sire— Breed up. not down- 
Diseases and Defects Hereditary— General Roles. 
CHOICE OF THE MAKE.— Size, Svmrnetrv and Sound- 
ness more important than Blood— Points of the Brood 
JMare— Diseases Hereditary— Condition of the Mare — 
Should have moderate work when with Foal— Food and 
care during gestation — Health and temper. 
Mr/TtTAL ADAPTATION OF SIRE AND DAM.-First 
consideration in Improvement of "cold" Blood— Rela- 
tive size of Sire and Dam— Defects in either Parent- 
How Remedied in Progeny— Blood3 which "hit." 
CANADIAN BLOOD. — The Canadian originally the 
French Norman— Characteristics— Hardihood— Speed — 
Mode of Improvement— Crossing with Thorough-breds. 
NORMAN BLOOD.— Origin and History of the Percheron 
Normau— A pure race— Characteristics and Points. 
MODERN ARAB BLOOD.— English and American Thor- 
ough-breds derived from Oriental Blood — are now 
superior to the Modern Arabs— Nolan Arab. 
PONIES — DIFFERENT BREEDS 
CHARACTERISTICS AND rTrLITY.-Origin-Dinerent 
Breeds— Shetlands and Scots— Galloways and Narra°-an- 
Betts— Mustangs and Indians— Profit of raising Ponies 
HOW TO BREED UTILES. 
Value of Mules— Their Historr and Natural History— 
The Mule and Hinnev— Thorough-blood wasted in the 
Dam for Mules— The Mule in the United States— Large 
elze not Desirable— Varieties of the Ass— The kind of 
Mares to be selected. 
HOW TO BUY A HORSE. 
Of whom to Buy it— Extraordinary Cheapness and Ex- 
traordinary Excellence not consistent with each other- 
Points to be regarded— How to Examine the Eve— Broken 
Wind— Roaring— Whistling— Broken Knees— To examine 
the Legs— Splents— Damaged Back Sinews— Spavins- 
Ringbones— Curbs— How to tell the Age of a Horse. 
HOW TO FEED A HORSE. 
Consequences of Improper Feeding— Different Food for 
different conditions— Food for the"Tirood Mare— for the 
I oal— For Working Horses— Green Food— Carrots— Corn 
—Feeding Jlorsus in Training— While Travelling— Sum- 
mering Horses— The Best Method— Management of Om- 
nibus Horses in New York. 
HOW TO STABLE AND GROOM A 
HORSE.— Requisites for a good Stable— The economy of 
Proper Arrangements— Vein ilatiou— Grooming; its ne- 
cessity lor nil descriptions of Horses— How Performed— 
Clothing— Treatment; when brought in from Work. 
HOW TO BREAK, AND USE A 
HORSE.— What is required in a well-broken Horse— His 
education should commence when a Colt— Bitting— Put- 
ting in Harness— How to Use a Horse— Travelling— Work- 
ing— Pleasure Horses— Punishment. 
HOTV TO PHYSIC A HORSE — 
SIMPLE REMEDIES FOR SIMPLE AILMENTS.— Causes 
of Ailments— Medicines to be given onlv by the order of 
the Master— Depletion and Purging— Spasmodic Colic- 
Inflammation of the Bowels— Inflammation of the Lungs 
—How to Bleed— Balls and Purgatives— Costiveness— 
Cough— Bronchitis— Distemper— Worms— Diseases of the 
Feet— Scratches— Thrush— Broken Knees. 
FARRIERY, ETC. 
Castration —Docking and Nicking — Blood-letting — 
Treatment of Strams and Wounds— ^Galls of the Skin- 
Cracked Heels— Clipping and Singeing— Administering 
Medicines— Diseases of the Feet. 
HOW TO SHOE A HORSE. 
Unskillful Shocrs— Anatomy of tho Food Hlnsrrated— 
The Foot of a Colt— Preparation of the Foot— Remo\ ing 
the Old Shoe— Paring the Foot— The Shoe— Fitting tho 
Shoe— Nailing— Number of Nails— Diseases of the Foot. 
BAUCHER'S METHOD. OF TRAIN- 
ING HORSES.— What Constitutes n Well-trained Horse- 
To make him come at your call — The Philosophy of 
Training— Flexions of the .law— Flexions of the ^eck— 
Flexions of the Croup— Backing— The Paces— Leaping, 
HOW TO RIDE A HORSE. 
The Saddle— The Girths— Tho Stirrups— Saddle-Cloths— 
The Crupper — Tho Martinqnle — Tho Bridle— Spurs— 
Mounting and Dismounting — The Seat— The Hands— 
The Legs— The Paces— Hints for Special Cases— The Art 
of Falling— Riding with Ladies. 
LADIES' RIDING— WRITTEN" BY 
A LADT.-Lenrninfrtonid. — The Slde-satldle— The Girths 
—The Stirrup The l'.rhlle-The Martingale— The Bit— 
The Dress -Mounting and IMsmomitimi— Tho Position— 
The Hands— The Leg and "Whip— Aeeidents. 
HOW TO DRIVE A HORSE. 
Tho Art of Driving— Pleasnro Driving— TTow to noldtha 
Reins— Driving a Pair— Four-lndi and Driving— Driving 
Working IIoim-s— Plowing— Threo-u-breast. 
RAREY'S SYSTEM OF HORSE- 
TAMING.— Rarr-vV System a New Discovery— Previous 
System— Principles of this System — Instructions for 
practicing Rarey's Method— TO Stable tho Horse— To 
Approach the Horse— Tying up Hie Leg— Living tho 
Horse Down— Finale -Vie.-* and Bad Habit* ^caring— 
Kicking— Baulkiug-Pulliug on the Halter— Shying. 
VETERINARY HOMOEOPATHY. 
Principles of the System— Tahlo of Remedies— General 
Dlrecl.ons— Treatment «f a SIcS Animal— Met— Keme- 
Uieslor Specliic Cases— Glossary of Discas 
t'lmn. 435 p.— Sent, by mall post-paid. $l.Trt. 
ORANCE JUDO & CO., 
41 Park fcew, H*w Ve?k. 
