80 
COXIEER.E. THE PINUS, OR PINE TREE. 
of course, show at any time how the trees 
are progressing ; and when a small increase 
only takes place, the question comes to he 
considered whether that addition to the 
bulk of the stem is sufficient to warrant the 
occupation of the land to the exclusion of 
young trees which would grow much more 
vigorously. 
The particular season of the year at which 
pine trees should be felled for timber is during 
those months when the sap is at rest, that is, 
from October till March. Summer felling, 
which is practised only in those countries 
where the snow lies deep for five or six 
months, deteriorates the wood to a certain 
extent by enclosing in the stems a large quan- 
tity of sap, and though this sap has its chan- 
nels in the outer part of the bole, the inner, or 
heart-wood, is also excited during the season 
of growth, and cannot then be in its fittest 
state for felling. 
Varieties. — These are very numerous, and 
have been long known to those at all inter- 
ested in the growth of pine timber. Many 
planters have considered that the great differ- 
ences in their appearance, and in the quality 
of the wood produced, arise from the nature 
of the soil and climate in which they may 
happen to be situated ; but these reasons are 
quite insufficient to meet the facts of the case. 
The Earl of Haddington, writing in 1760, 
says, " Though I have heard it asserted, that 
there is but one kind of Scots fir, and what 
difference is seen in the wood when wrought 
is only owing to the age of the tree, and the 
soil where it grew, yet I am convinced it is 
otherwise ; for this reason : when I cut firs 
that were too near the house, there were 
people alive here who remembered when my 
father bought the seed. It was all sown to- 
gether in the seed-bed, removed to a nursery, 
and afterwards planted out the same day. 
These trees I cut down, and saw some of them 
very white and spongy, others of them red and 
hard, though standing within a few yards of 
one another. This makes me gather my cones 
from the trees that have the reddest wood, as 
I have said before." Boutcher, who wrote 
some years after, confirms this statement ; and 
in Lawson's Museum, Edinburgh, are speci- 
mens of Scotch fir wood, of two distinct 
varieties, produced on the same soil. The 
fact is known to several planters in England. 
A few years since, Nathaniel Micklethwait, 
Esq., of Beeston Park, near Norwich, pre- 
sented the writer of the present article with 
pieces of Scotch pine- timber, remarkably dis- 
tinct from one another, one being white and 
soft, and the other quite hard, and so red that 
at a distance it was thought to have been 
painted of a reddish colour. The trees were 
of the same age, grew in the same climate, 
and in the same soil, being within two yai-ds 
of each other. 
P. s. horizoiitalis, Don of Forfar, Sang, 
Gr rigor, Lawson, and others. Leaves broader 
and of a lighter glaucous colour than those of 
the common tree. Branches more horizontal, 
often drooping and twisted. Bark, smooth, 
reddish. Timber red and hard. Cones small, 
few, with an appearance of being imperfectly 
formed. Seeds a third smaller than those of 
the common plant, resembling, in colour, those 
of the spruce fir. The red-wooded Pine of 
some authors, the Mountain Pine, the High- 
land Pine, the horizontal-branched wild Pine, 
and the Speyside Pine, of others. 
A bold vigorous growing tree, with a 
shaggy head, the delight of painters, and 
valuable as producing timber equal to the best 
foreign deal. There are trees at Syon, under 
the name of P. rubra ; at Mrs. Day's, Horsford 
Hall, Norfolk ; and in many other parks in 
England. 
P.s. haguenensis,~Roih (Haguenau Pine). — 
So called from a village of that name on the 
Rhine, and near to which is an immense forest of 
this tree, covering about 30,000 acres. Leaves 
very long, twisted and finely serrated. Young 
plants more robust than those of the common 
tree. Bark smooth, scaly, not furrowed. 
There are fine tall trees of this variety in the 
woods of Robert Marsham, Esq., Stratton 
Strawless, Norfolk : and smaller trees at 
Loudon's Howe, and Loudon's Brae, in Perth- 
shire. The latter places are named in honour 
of the late Mr. Loudon, who supplied the 
seeds from which the young trees growing at 
those places were raised. Mr. Marsham re- 
presents the wood as excellent. 
P. s. uncinata, Don of Forfar. — Leaves 
serrulated, and cones hooked, or covered with 
prominent prickles, all regularly bent back- 
wards, which are the chief features character- 
istic of this variety. Discovered by Mr. 
Grigor, of Elgin, in the extensive woods of 
Main and Bishopmill, near Elgin. The tim- 
ber is of a yellowish colour, and rather better 
than that of P. sylvestris vulgaris. 
P. s. rigensis, Desfontaines (Riga Pine). 
■ — Not known to the writer, but in all proba- 
bility identical with some of the foregoing 
varieties. In Lawson's Manual it is observed 
that this plant " may at least be considered as 
possessed of equal merits with such as are 
derived from the best native forests in the 
Highlands of Scotland." Specimens of this 
tree may be seen at the Horticultural Society's 
Garden. 
P. s. mono'phylla, Hodgins. — Leaves very 
long and glaucous. A variety raised by Mr. 
Hodgins, of Dunganstown, near "VVicklow. It 
has not attracted general attention in Eng- 
land, and the only plant recorded is in 
