BOTANICAL TERMS. 
399 
suffer from frost ; they must be shaded and 
kept well watered until they begin to grow 
afresh. At this planting they should be set 
four or six inches apart. Here they are to 
remain till spring ; but as very severe frosts 
are apt to injure young seedlings even of 
hardy plants, it is desirable that in severe 
weather a covering of loose open litter, such 
as peas haulm, may be laid over them as a 
slight protection. As early in March as the 
weather will permit, these plants are to be 
transferred to the places where they are to 
bloom ; and if the weather is dry and keen 
about the time they are transplanted, they 
must be watered. These will bloom in May 
and June. 
The spring sowing must be made in a box 
and set in a cold frame, or, perhaps, to induce 
germination, where there is a very slight heat, 
and afterwards placed in a cold frame ; when 
they have formed two pairs of leaves, let 
them be transplanted as with the other, in a 
sheltered border of good soil, where they will 
grow rapidly. In April or May, when large 
enough, they may be transplanted carefully 
to the borders, and will bloom at the latter 
end of the summer. 
Division of the old plants may also be 
resorted to early in autumn, in which case 
they become well established for blooming 
the following season. Seedling plants are 
usually stronger than those obtained by divi- 
sion, but where only a few plants are required, 
the latter mode, which is the least trouble- 
some, will be sufficient to keep up the supply. 
The white flowered and variegated leaved 
varieties ought, however, to be increased 
by division, as they cannot be increased 
with certainty from seeds, the seeds of the 
white variety often producing plants with 
blue flowers. The month of September is 
proper for transplanting and dividing them. 
The seeds usually ripen about August, and 
for the first sowing may be used immediately ; 
a supply for spring sowing, when resorted to, 
should be gathered, and dried, and stored by 
in papers, as is usual with other seeds. 
There are some other species of Polemo- 
nium grown in our gardens, of which P. 
reptans, a dwarf species with pale blue 
flowers ; P. sibiricum, a species resembling 
P. ccendeum, but having elegant white flowers; 
and P. humile, a dwarf kind with large blue 
flowers, are the most commonly seen, and per- 
haps the best for general purposes. 
BOTANICAL TERMS, 
CHIEFLY APPLIED TO THE FRUIT OR SEED. 
Achenium; a simple superior, dry, bony, 
one or two-seeded fruit : the borage is an ex- 
ample. 
Acinus; a term applied by some to such 
succulent semi-transparent berries as the 
grape, currant, &c. ; also to distinguish a 
bunch of such fruits, especially grapes. 
Acrosarcum; a term also applied to a 
berry; see bacca. 
Accumbent ; applied to the cotyledons when 
folded with their edges towards their radicle ; 
lying on something else. 
Akena; a term synonymous with cypsela. 
Ahenium; synonyme of cypsela; also of 
achenium. 
Albumen; the solid farinaceous substance 
interposed between the embryo and testa of 
some, but not all seeds ; it is sometimes fleshy, 
and sometimes bony, or even stony. 
Amalthea; synonyme of etcerio. 
Amnios; a clear transparent fluid matter 
in the seed, the product of fecundation, which 
nourishes the embryo during its growth. 
Amphicarpus ; round-fruited. 
Amphisarca; a compound superior fruit, 
indehiscent and many-celled, with a dry ex- 
ternal pericarp, and internally pulpy : the 
fruit of adansonia is of this kind. 
Amphispermium ; a name applied by some 
authors to distinguish such seeds as have the 
pericarp of the same figure as the enclosed 
seed. 
AmpMtropal; when the embryo of the 
ovule or seed is curved down so as to present 
both the apex and radicle to the hilum : the 
embryo of the seed of mignonette is of this 
kind. 
Anatropal; when the embryo of the ovule 
or seed is reversed in the ovary by the more 
rapid growth of one side than the other ; such 
is the case in the seed of the apple, cucum- 
ber, &c, 
Annulus; same as gyms. 
Antitropal ; when the embryo is inverted 
with respect to the seed, as in the seed of the 
nettle. 
Antrum; synonyme for pomum. 
Apocarpous ; a term applied when the car- 
pels of a compound pistil are either entirely 
or partially distinct, as in caltha. 
Apophysis ; an elongation downwards of 
the theca of mosses. 
Arcesthide; synonyme of strobilus. 
Aril; a spongy enlargement of the placenta, 
forming an additional envelope to some seeds ; 
the nutmeg is enveloped in this way, the aril 
being the mace of the shops. 
Ascelli; same as asci; tubes in which the 
sporidia of some fungi are placed. 
Asci; small tubes which contain the spo- 
rules of some cellular or cryptogamic plants. 
Ascigerous ; having or bearing asci. 
Asinima; synonyme of syncarpium. 
Bacca; a berry, a compound inferior 
fruit, with a fleshy pericarp, soft epicarp, 
and having the cells obliterated or unilocular, 
