EVERGREEN STANDARD TREES. 
at the sides : hymenium occupying the whole 
outer surface. 
34. H. crispa. — Stipes fistulose, deeply 
pitted and ribbed, three to five inches high, 
snowy white : pileus whitish, flesh coloured, 
deflexed, lobed, crisped. 
35. Tl. lacunosa. — Stipes fistulose, pitted 
and ribbed, white or dusky : pileus inflated, 
cinereous, lobed, the lobes deflexed, adnate. 
These Helvellas are found in woods, or 
on the stumps of old trees ; the former being 
more common, and also preferable to the 
latter. They have all an agreeable odour, 
and bear a general resemblance in flavour 
to the morel. 
Hydnum. — Hymenium, consisting of soft 
subulate spines. 
36. H. repandum. — Stipes one to two 
inches long ; thick, unequal, expanding into 
the pileus : pileus irregular, repand, sometimes 
almost lobed, two to six inches broad, tawny 
red, smooth, brittle. Subulate processes un- 
equal, pale, mostly entire : flesh pale, not 
changing. — Frequent in woods in the autumn; 
sometimes growing solitary, but more fre- 
quently gregariously and in rings. In Italy 
it is sold promiscuously with the Chanta- 
relle, ( Cantharellus cibarius,) which it resem- 
bles. It should be well cooked with plenty 
of sauce : when well stewed it is an excel- 
lent dish, with a slight flavour of oysters. 
Lycoperdon. — Sporangium globose : 
peridium single membranaceous, scaly with 
warts or soft spines, bursting irregularly at 
the apex, and containing a mass of sporules 
and filaments. 
37. L. plumbeum. — Globose, when full 
grown as large as a walnut ; with two cover- 
ings, the outer white, loosely membranaceous 
and fragile ; the inner (peridium) tenaceous, 
smooth, grey-lead colour externally, more or 
less shaggy internally. — Abounds in dry 
places in spring, summer, and autumn. 
38. jL. bovista. — Turbinate, three to four 
inches broad, whitish, plicate beneath, scales 
broad, often indistinct. — It occurs in pastures 
in the autumn. It requires to be soon eaten, 
for in a few hours the compactness of its flesh 
is gone. It may be cut in slices and fried in 
eggs and bread-crumbs. 
Morchella. — Pileus lacunose (pitted), 
confluent with the stipes, either at the margin 
or a little above it : hymenium occupying the 
whole outer surface. 
39. M. esculenta. — Stipes hollow, white, 
dilated towards the base : pileus roundish or 
oval, cellular, like a honeycomb, closely con- 
tracted round the stipes : plant one to four 
inches high. — This is the well known Morel : 
it occurs in woods and fields, late in the 
spring, preferring a calcareous or argillaceous 
soil. An allied kind, much less common, is 
called 31. semilibera, and has the pileus de- 
tached from the stipes for half its length. 
Neither should be gathered after rain, as they 
are then insipid, and soon spoil. The follow- 
ing is a good mode of cooking morels : — 
Wash and cleanse them from the earth which 
collects between the plaits, and dry them tho- 
roughly in a napkin ; put them in a saucepan 
with pepper, salt, and parsley, adding, or not, 
a piece of ham ; stew for an hour, pouring in 
occasionally a little broth, to prevent burning; 
when done, bind with the yolks of two or three 
eggs, and serve on buttered toast. The Ita- 
lian method is thus : — Wash, dry, and divide 
them across ; put them on the fire, with some 
parsley, scallion, chervil, burnet, tarragon, 
chives, a little salt, and two spoonfuls of fine 
oil ; stew till the juice runs out ; then thicken 
with a little flour, and serve with bread- 
crumbs and a squeeze of lemon. 
Tuber. — Plant stemless ; fleshy, solid, 
not becoming powdery, nor opening at the 
top. 
40. T. cibarium. — Plant nearly globular, 
of the size of a large plum, rarely as large as 
a hen's egg ; rootless ; rough and warty ex- 
ternally, and of a dark colour, internally firm, 
white while young, but when old becoming 
dark coloured with whitish veins. — This is 
the famed Truffle ; it is a subterranean fun- 
gus, growing naturally some inches below 
the surface, and found in various parts of 
England in high woods and pastures. It is 
one of the best and dantiest of the esculent 
fungi. Dogs are taught to hunt for it, and 
they point it out by barking and scratching. 
Various attempts have been made to cultivate 
the truffle artificially, but hitherto with very 
limited success. Mr. Tillery, gardener to the 
Duke of Portland at Welbeck, has, however, 
been to some extent successful. Another 
nearly related species ( T. albideum) is also 
employed. The truffle is prepared and used 
in a manner similar to the morel. 
In his Treatise on Esculent Funguses, Dr. 
Badhani includes some species of Polyporus, 
Peziza acetabulum, and Verpa digitaliformis, 
neither of which are of much value in an escu- 
lent point of view. 
EVERGREEN STANDARD TREES, AND 
ITALIAN GARDENS. 
Wherever the Italian style of gardening 
is introduced, with its terraces, straight walks, 
mock avenues, and other formal arrangements, 
standard evei"green trees are desirable accom- 
paniments. The orange tree is one of the 
most favourite trees for the purpose ; and in 
Italy, of course, it may be thus employed 
with little trouble or inconvenience, on ac- 
count of the Italian climate. In some of the 
