540 
BOTANICAL TERMS. 
Estivation ; a term applied to the manner 
in which the parts of the flower are folded 
when unexpanded — analogous to the vernation 
of leaves. 
Evolved(evolvus); unfolded, fully developed. 
Excurrent (excurrens); when the axis re- 
mains always in the centre, the other parts 
being regularly disposed round it, as the stem 
of the spruce fir. 
Exserted; a good deal projecting beyond 
some other body ; thus in such flowers as the 
Fuchsia, the stamens are said to be exserted. 
Extrorse (extrorsus, posticus) ; turned out- 
wards, or away from the axis to which it 
belongs. 
Flexile (Jlexilis) ; easily bent, pliable. 
Flcxuose (jlexuosus) ; applied to any part 
which alternately bends slightly inwards and 
outwards, that is, in opposite directions. 
Floral (Jloralis) ; belonging to the flower. 
Fluitant (Jluitans) ; floating, lying or float- 
ing on the surface of water, as the leaves of 
the water-lily, and many other aquatics. 
Free; apart, separate, unconnected. 
Gyrate (gyratus) ; the same as circinate. 
Homoiropal (homotropus) ; applied to the 
embryo of the seed, and differing from ortho- 
tropal in the embryo not being straight. 
Horizontal (horizontalis) ; applied when 
the plane of any part presents to the zenith, 
and the apex to the horizon, as in the case of 
most leaves. 
Humifuse (humifusus) ; same as pro- 
cumbent. 
Hypogeous (hypogeeus, suiter raneus) ; sub- 
terranean, growing beneath the surface of the 
earth. 
Hypogynous (hypogynus); growing from 
below the base of the ovary ; applied to the 
position of the stamens. 
Imbricate (imbricata) ; applied in estiva- 
tion and vernation, when the parts overlap 
each other at the margin in a parallel manner, 
without any involution. 
Immersed (immersus) ; buried, applied to 
the leaves of aquatics when they grow entirely 
under water. 
Inclaudent (inclaudens) ; remaining open 
and unclosed. 
Induplicate (induplicativa) ; a form of esti- 
vation or vernation having the margins bent 
abruptly inwards, and the external face of 
these edges applied to each other without any 
twisting. 
Injiexed (inflexus, i7icurvus,infractus); bent 
or curved in an inward direction. 
Innate (innatus) ; adhering to the apex of 
any body. 
Inundated (inundatum) ; submersed, grow- 
ing under water. 
Introrse (introrsus, anticus) ; turned in- 
wards, or towards the axis to which it belongs. 
Inverted (inversus) ; when the apex of one 
part is in an opposite direction to that of 
another ; the embryos of many seeds are 
inverted. 
Involute (involutioa, involuta) ; a form of 
estivation or vernation when the edges are 
rolled inwards spirally on each side ; applied 
also to leaves and other parts when rolled 
inwards. 
Lateral (lateralis) ; fixed to the side of any 
body. 
Marginal (marginalis) ; fixed to the edge 
of any body. 
Natant (natans) ; swimming, floating under 
water, as many of the algaa. 
Nodding (nutans) ; inclining so far from 
the perpendicular that the apex is directed 
downwards. 
Oblique (obliquus) ; applied when the mar- 
gin of any part points to the zenith, and the 
apex to the horizon, as the leaves of protea. 
Obvolute (obvolutiva, obvoluta) ; a form of 
estivation or vernation when the margins of 
one part alternately overlap those of that 
which is opposite to it. 
rthotropal (ortltotropus) ; applied to the 
embryo of the seed, when it is straight and 
has the same direction in respect to the axis 
as the seed itself. 
Patent (patens) ; spreading, having a gra- 
dual direction outwards. 
Peltate (peltatus, umbilicatus) ; fixed by 
the centre, or by some point distinctly within 
the margin, as in the leaf of tropaaolum. 
Pendulous (pendulus) ; hanging in a down- 
ward direction from natural inability to grow 
erect. 
Perfoliate (perfoliatus) ; when the lobes at 
the base of an amplexicaul leaf are united 
quite round the stem. 
Perigynous (perigynus) ; growing upon 
some body that surrounds the ovary ; applied 
to the position of the stamens. 
Peritropal (j)erit?-opus) ; applied to the 
embryo of the seed, when directed from the 
axis towards the horizon. 
Petiolar (petiolaris) ; inserted upon the 
petiole or leaf-stalk. 
Plaited (plicativa, plicata) ; a form of es- 
tivation or vernation, in which the parts are 
folded lengthways in the same manner as the 
plaits of a fan. 
Prejloration ; the same as estivation. 
Procumbent (procumbens) ; spreading on 
the surface of the ground. 
Proliferous ; this term is usually employed 
when the inflorescence bears shoots or leaves 
instead of flowers ; also, when a flower pro- 
trudes other flowers from within its own disc, 
as in the hen-and-chickens daisy. 
Pronus; prostrate, lying flat. 
Propendent (propendens) ; hanging in a 
