212 
COTTON MANUFACTURING AT THE SOUTH. 
and advanced the most their real and substantial 
interests, or which is of more importance than all, 
which is the least likely to corrupt the morals of a 
people, the spirit of gambling, that goes with the 
excitement of the race course, or the plainer and 
more serious pursuits of the plow, there could be 
no hesitation in deciding where the higher merit 
rested. Whoever undertakes the breeding of cattle, 
in this country, must look both to his soil and his 
climate. There are portions of the United States 
where neither of these seem suited to the mighty 
massive Durhams. A thin, sterile soil with six 
months of extreme heat and cold, three months of 
extreme heat and only three of moderate weather, 
do not form an aggregate of advantages in favor of 
that breed of animals. In such circumstances, a 
lighter and smaller beast would be the most profit- 
able, such as they have already in New England, 
but bred with more care, and nurtured with more 
tenderness. This stock, now long established, 
crossed with Devons, of the pure kind, would prob- 
ably give a better animal than the same crossed 
with the Durhams ; though we see very little rea- 
son for crossing at all, if the young are only well 
fed and well bred. The country the best calculated 
for the raising of Durhams, is the 'west or portions 
of it. The natural green grass of parts of Penn- 
sylvania will also do extremely well, and their 
early maturity, with the ready access to a market, 
gives peculiar advantages to this region. But there 
are not enough of them, to make them sufficiently 
cheap, for the farmer to raise for the butcher, and 
the cheaper lands of the west, render it a not very 
pro'i table enterprise. Still, some one must breed 
cattle, and whether it be done by a western grazier 
who has as much land and as large herds and 
flocks as a patriarch of old, or in a more economi- 
cal manner, and on a smaller scale, by a farmer of 
the eastern states, there is no reason why they 
should not aim to have a perfect animal. All will 
depend on the spirit of the individual, at least much 
more than on the market value of the creature, 
a, A. L. Elwyn. 
Philadelphia, Nov., 1848. 
PREPARATION OF GRAIN AND FLOUR FOR EX- 
PORTATION. 
One of the inspectors of the city of New York 
returned 218,679 barrels of flour, in 1847, as sour 
and musty. The aggregate of grain and flour an- 
nually damaged throughout the United States, by 
want of proper precaution, in preparing and putting 
up for market, cannot be less than $3,000,000 to 
$4,000,000; and in the year before mentioned, 
when we exported largely to Europe, it probably 
exceeded $6,000,000. That "hastemakes waste," 
in this item of our national products, is quite cer- 
tain. A little more pains in the proper disposal of 
the grain, would save the labor of reproducing 
much of what has once been grown. 
Kiln-drying, or drying by steam, admitted 
through pipes, around which the grain or flour is 
made to pass, is an effectual mode of driving off the 
superfluous moisture, which, if allowed to remain, 
will, undp'- many circumstances, as of heat and 
moisture combined, produce must, or souring. Ma- 
ny applications of heat, have, from time to time, 
been applied, but none have been generally adopted. 
The application of steam, we think best calculated 
to effect the purpose, and avoid the objection of 
scorching. This is an object well worthy the 
closest attention of American agriculturists, millers, 
and merchants. In addition to its other advantages, 
the weevil, which is very destructive among grain 
at the south, has been frequently avoided when 
the grain has been kiln-dried. 
COTTON MANUFACTURING AT THE SOUTH. 
Answer to M. W. Philips, of Mississippi. — If no 
other person has done it, I offer the following answer 
to Dr. Philips' inquiry about a cotton factory, &c, in 
the March number of the Agriculturist. 
First, the size of Building. — The Graniteville Fac- 
tory, in Edgefield District, S. C, 12 miles north of 
Hamburg, contains 9,245 spindles and 300 looms, and 
all the machinery of the very best kind and modern 
improvements, for making No, 14 sheetings and dril- 
lings. The building is of solid blue granite, 350 feet 
long and 50 feet wide, two stories high, with a good 
room in the attic, equal to half a floor or more. The 
picker room is also stone, separate from main build- 
ing, two stories high. Store houses, offices, two 
churches, a school house, 83 dwellings of wood, and 
all the fixings of the neatest kind, with two dams, and 
races a mile long, 40 feet head, two turbine wheels, a 
saw and grist mill, a hotel, and 9,000 acres of land, all 
cost $300,000, or $32.44 for each spindle. The mills 
in Lowell, cost from $35 to $38 a spindle. A steam 
mill at Salem, Mass, cost $21 a spindle for 30,000 
SDindles, not including dwellings for operatives. 
The details of cost at Graniteville are as follows : — 
Real estate, . 
Canals and dams, . 
Factory buildings, 
Water wheels and flumes, 
Shafting and gearing, 
Machinery, 
Fire and steam apparatus, 
Starting up mill, and furniture, 
Saw mill, machine shop, &c, 
Cord clothing, 
Dwelling houses, . 
Streets and fences, 
Contingencies not yet carried to 
account. . : 
Margin left for future expenditures, 
$12,222.35 
9,505.46 
60,144.57 
6,949.12 
12,663.99 
121,754.03 
5,947.65 
3,587.96 
9,079.86 
3,010.00 
43,293.18 
1,998.80 
proper 
3,307.49 
6,539.57 
Total, . . . . $300,000.00 
The building is warmed by steam pipes as all should 
be. 
There is a new factory at Augusta, Georgia, con- 
taining about the same amount of machinery, 208 feet 
long, 50 wide, and five stories high. The stairways 
of each are in projecting towers in front- Both of 
these are operated with white laborers, natives to the 
soil. These will consume ten bales a day and turn 
out 10 to 12,000 yards, of 30 and 36-inch sheetings 
and drillings. Cotton costs now 6| cents delivered. 
Average wages of all the men, women, and children, at 
Graniteville, in April last, $3.05 a week. Most cf 
work done by the piece. Number of hands, 300. 
At Vaucluse, on the same stream, the number of 
hands 94. ' Average wages, through last year 37.85 
cents per day of 12 hours work. Number of spindles 
2,280 and 43 looms, making 8-ounce Osnaburg and 
bundle yarn. Hands employed, 11 men, 50 to 60 
girls from 10 to 25 year3, and balance boys, from 12 
to 20 years of age. Capital in the factory and build- 
ings and lands, counted at cost, on a second-hand pur- 
chase by General Jones, the present owner, $30,0U0 
and floating capital $20,000. The building is granite 
