LOW ON LANDED PROPERTY, 
37 
year, as in the holly, and evergreen oak, but 
for the most part falling off at the close of 
autumn, when the vegetation of the season has 
been completed. They propagate themselves 
by their seeds, which are sometimes contained 
in a nut, as in the oak, the beech, the chestnut ; 
or in a stony covering, surrounded by a juicy 
pulp, as in the hawthorn, the cherry, the plum ; 
sometimes in a leathery pod, as in the labur- 
num, and other species of the leguminous 
family ; and sometimes in capsules of different 
consistence and forms, as in the ash, the elm, 
the willow. But many of the species likewise 
tend to propagate themselves by throwing up 
suckers or young shoots from the roots, which 
they extend along the ground. When cut 
over above the root, they generally tend to 
send forth new shoots, whereas nearly all the 
coniferas perish when cut down. They pre- 
sent far more varied forms of life than the 
con if eras, and though generally deprived of 
their foliage in winter, afford an ample com- 
pensation for the temporary loss, when their 
vernal foliage is called forth, and expanded 
by the heat of summer." — Pp. 522 — 524. 
He then pi-oceeds further, with a very sound 
series of directions for raising, planting, thin- 
ning, pruning, and so forth; all of which are 
excellent in their way, and while confined to 
the making of woods and forests, give the 
farmer no concern beyond forming a sort of 
rendezvous for foxes, and other disagreeable 
visiters. But we should like to have taken 
Mr. Low round a few farms which are half 
destroyed by monstrous and decaying trees in 
hedge-rows, occupying large portions of the 
ground, impoverishing the land for a consi- 
derable distance, lessening and damaging the 
crops, and doing no earthly good. Here we 
should like to mark for the woodman's axe, 
or for the exercise of the timber-thrower's 
ingenuity, first, eveiy tree that had arrived at 
perfection ; secondly, every one that was past 
it, and on its way to decay ; thirdly, every 
one that was nearer than seventy-five feet to 
another : then we have no objection to saying 
that the farmer should plant and preserve, at 
seventy-five feet apart, timber-trees along all 
the hedge-rows ; and when the landlord cut 
one down, it might be replaced with another ; 
nay, we should not care if young trees were 
planted between the old ones, seven years 
before the old ones were to be cut, that there 
might still be rising timber when the matured 
were removed; but to see, as we do fre- 
quently, acres of produce destroyed for want 
of sun, and air, and moisture, which rows of 
timber prevent from reaching crops, is enough 
to break the heart as well as the back of any 
tenant. Mr. Low's book, however, will do 
much good among the landed interest, and 
though we do not enter heart and hand with 
him into some of his speculations, we should 
like to see the work in the hands of every 
landlord and tenant, that they might both 
learn their respective duties, and profit by the 
advice of a practical man. 
Of the manner in which Mr. Low describes 
the trees recommended for planting, the fol- 
lowing account of one of the most handsome 
sorts, Pinus Cembra, and one of the most 
useful, the "Walnut, will give a good idea : — 
" The Cembran Pine, (Pinus Cembra,) is an 
inhabitant of the highest Alps of Switzerland, 
and other mountains of Central Europe, and 
extends to the high lands of Northern Asia, 
as far eastward as the mouth of the river 
Lena. It is one of the hardiest, if not the 
hardiest, of all the pines proper to the northern 
part of the Old Continent, growing beyond the 
region of the wild pine, and at an altitude at 
which the wild pine becomes a bush. It rises 
with a tall rigid stem, with slender branches, 
proceeding from it in distant whorls, and 
gradually shortening from the base to the 
summit, fitting it to bear the masses of frozen 
snow with which it is often loaded. Its leaves 
exhibit the singular property of twining 
around the buds, as if to protect them from 
the cold. 
" This hardy species was introduced into 
Britain from the Alps of Switzerland about a 
century ago; but, although examples of it are 
to be found in various parts of England, it has 
never become a favourite tree of planters. It 
grows with comparative slowness ; and its 
stiff stem, its distant branches, and pale green 
leaves, are disliked by many. But the species 
is suited, by all its characters, to a region of 
barrenness and intense cold, and may present 
to us the means of clothing the rugged sum- 
mits of our higher mountains with wood, 
where the native pine would fail. Further, 
the wood of the Cembra is good and durable. 
It is fine in the grain, yet pliable to the tool, 
fitted for beams and joiners' work, and even 
for being turned upon the lathe. It is believed 
that some of the finest of the Riga deals are 
derived from the wood of this species ; so that, 
both on account of its hardiness and econo- 
mical value, the Cembran Pine merits the atten- 
tion of the planters of this country." — P. 550. 
" The Walnut, (Juglans Begia,) is a tree 
celebrated from the earliest times for its wood, 
its fruits, and its oil. It is a native of the 
countries of the Caspian and Euxine Seas; 
extending from Persia to the Indus, and to 
the northern provinces of China. It was 
familiar to the Greeks and Romans, from 
whose rustic writers we derive accounts of 
its culture and uses. It extended with the 
conquests of the Roman people, to Spain, 
