31 
With regard to the new Flemish Pears, however, I may here 
offer a few remarks on the character of soil, &c., requisite in 
order to enable the amateur to carry out a dwarfing system 
successfully, and svith as little trouble as possible. Most of 
these are far superior to the old sorts, wliether we regard their 
free fruiting, their qualities for the dessert, or their eligibility 
for the dwarfing system. They are thus, in a peculiar manner, 
adapted to the limited garden of the amateur. In order to 
obtain some of these valuable fruits, such as Beurre d’Arem- 
berg, the Winter Neilis, the Passe Colmar, &c. &c.,of tirst-rate 
quality, a south, south-west, south-east, or due east or west 
aspect of wall is, of course, superior to an espalier station. 
Such aspects, however, are commonly wanted for the Peach 
and Nectarine, the Apricot, Vine, or Fig: these, if cultivated 
at all, must, of necessity, possess such situations, and many of 
these Pears must submit to an improved espalier mode of 
management; and a thorough control over the roots, is the 
basis on which such management must take its stand. One 
remark I may be allowed to make, before proceeding with the 
detail of Root Management, viz. — That such a plan cannot be 
expected to succeed equally all over Britain. In the southern 
half of England, success would, generally s|)eaking, be certain; 
but as we proceed northerly, a compromise must gradually take 
place. For instance, the Winter Neilis, which would succeed 
on |)roperly managed espaliers, in AVorcestershire, would require 
an east or west wall in the county of Durham, and a south 
wall in Scotland. Moderate and steady action of root, is the 
point to be aimed at; and this will be best attained by using 
a portion of hard and impenetrable material in the neighbour- 
hood of the roots. 
I find, by reference to the former part of this paper, that I 
have recommended fifteen to eighteen inches, in depth of soil, 
over the platforms, as a general rule: this is, however, too deep 
for most of the northern counties ; and as a rule whereby to 
regulate the depth of all borders, for tender trees on a dwarfing 
system, I would say, — Decrease one inch in depth for every 
degree of latitude. Thus, assuming London to be 51°, I would 
commence at fifteen inches; at Newcastle on Tyne, I would 
give eleven inches; and at Edinburgh, which is about 56°, 
I would allow ten inches only. This will be found, in dwarf- 
256. AUCTAJtlUM. 
