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young spray, instead of cutting it all away at the summer dis- 
budding, as will be hereafter explained, there is no reason to 
adopt any other mode; unless dictated by fancy, or peculiarity 
of situation. 
If the wall be of very rough stone, a trellis of wire or wood 
will be necessary, to which the shoots must be tied. The trellis 
must be placed within about two inches of the wall ; for, 
although a much greater distance has been advocated by some 
theorists, it has been proved in practice that trees in such 
positions possess but very slight advantages over the ordinary 
espalier. In commencing the training of young trees, on the 
fan system, to which I deem it expedient to confine myself, in 
the present case, the main point is to continue pruning back the 
young shoots, for a couple of years, or more, in order to obtain 
the requisite number of main leaders, whether the subject be a 
Apricot, Pear, Plum, Peach, or in fact, any fruit-bearing tree. 
The distance apart at which the leaders ought to be ranged, 
must be determined by the size of the leaf. Since the elabo- 
ration of the sap in fruit trees, especially those from warm 
climates, depends so much on a due exposure of the foliage to 
light, independently of the question of heat, it is obvious, that 
the shade produced by the rivalry of leaves, in juxtaposition, is 
somewhat inimical to one of the chief principles from which we 
set out — viz., the free admission of light. As soon then as 
the requisite number of leaders is obtained, to produce the “fan,” 
the pruning must be regulated by other principles, which will 
be explained in due course. 
We come now to the subject of Espaliers, or trees placed 
under a dwarfing system, without wall or fence. Many fanci- 
fully trained forms of such trees are adopted in practice, and in 
truth many more are needed, than for those on walls. The 
principal modes, however, or rather the most useful and dis- 
tinct, may be comprised under the following heads — viz., 
1st. Upright rails, or treillage. 
2nd. Horizontal rails, or table trellis. 
3rd. Pyramidal, or upright training. 
4th. Quenouille, distaff, or down training. 
5th. Trellised arcades. 
In casting a glance over these forms of training, it may 
readily be seen that by the 2nd mode, or horizontal rails, if 
