75 - 
hours after sunset ; thus promoting the ripening of the fruit, 
as well as of the wood for ensuing crops. 
287 3rd. Quenouille or Conical Training. This consists 
in carrying up a main stem to any desired height, (about six 
or eight feet being the most desirable) and, by annual pruning, 
to cause the stem to produce abundance of side shoots in its 
progress upwards. The side shoots require pruning back until 
the necessary height and full development of the side buds are 
accomplished; after which a selection of the shortest jointed 
shoots of the current year, are annually tied down, in a reversed 
position. This mode, although it has proved tolerably suc- 
cessful with the French gardeners, is seldom adopted in Britain, 
for it could, by no means, become an efficient substitute for a 
wall, which, on the continent, may be the case. The trees are, 
moreover, thought to wear out prematurely; owing.no doubt, 
to the continual check on the vital principle, by stripping the 
tree of its most active members, to keep it close and prim. If 
such a mode be adopted, I would again urge the propriety of 
connecting it with the platform method of planting ; even if 
a system of top dressing should be rendered necessary. 
288 4th. Down Training from a Main Stem. This mode 
may be more confidently recommended than the former, inas- 
much as it is more simple; and the down training of the cur- 
rent year’s shoots may commence as soon as the desired height 
is obtained, without any further sacrifice. Some persons carry 
the main stem six feet high, some are content with three feet. 
1 would suggest about four feet as very eligible ; it being neces- 
sary, with tender kinds, to keep the shoots near the surface of 
the earth, in order to secure a warmer atmosphere. This mode, 
with that of the preceding section, is also admirably adapted 
for the margins of walks, promenades, drives, &c., in small gar- 
dens; and the latter mode, well carried out, would not be 
altogether unworthy a place on small lawms, as their effect, 
when properly managed, resembles that produced by a weep- 
ing willow. Some persons drive pegs or stumi)s in the ground, 
in a circle, four or five feet from the stem of the tree, to which 
they tie the shoots ; others suspend a ball of clay to the extre- 
mities of the young wood. For this mode, and that of the 
preceding section, some of the hardier kinds of Flemish Pears 
should be selected; such as the Althorp Crassane, Fondante 
2G9. AUCTARIUM. 
