May, 1889. 
1 14 
ORCHARD ifSa GARDE 
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Notes front Keeent Meeliugs. 
At the recent meeting of the Western 
New York Horticultural Society, Prof. A. 
J. Cook of the Mich. Agricultural College 
gave his 
Formula* for Insecticides. 
London Purple. — One pound to 200 gal- 
lons of water. Used to destroy codling 
moth, curculio, leaf-rollers: tent caterpillar 
and canker worms. For codling moth ap- 
ply just after the blossoms fall, and again 
two weeks later. This kills all the other 
insects mentioned except the curculio. For 
curculio apply as soon as the calyx falls, 
and again twice at intervals of ten days. 
Kerosene and Soap Mixture. — Soft soap 
one quart, or hard soap — preferably whale 
oil soap — one-fourth pound; two quarts hot 
water: and one pint kerosene. Stir till all 
are permanently mixed. Then add water 
till the kerosene forms one-fifteenth of the 
whole compound. This kills aphides or 
plant lice, bark lice, and many bugs: apply 
with force pump. Apply when insects are 
at work 
Buhach or California Pyrethrum. — Use 
one ounce to three gallons of water. This is 
a specific for cabbage caterpillars, cherry 
and pear slugs, etc. Dash it onto the insects 
with spray bellows or force pump. 
\Vhi;e Hellebore. — Use one ounce to three 
gallons of waier. This kills currant slugs. 
Apply with force pump. 
Carbolic Acid and Soap. — One pint crude 
carbolic acid, one quart soft soap and two 
gallons hot water. Thoroughly mix and 
apply with a cloth to trunk and large 
branches. Two weeks after blossoms fall 
and again three weeks later. This prevents 
the borers from working and kills bark 
lice. 
At the same meeting Prof. A. N. Prentiss 
of Cornell University gave some valuable 
facts as to the 
Different Fungus Diseases of Fruit ami 
the Remedy. 
Apple Fruit Scab and Leaf Spot. — As 
these are practically one and the same dis- 
ease they may be thus treated of together. 
The only remedy which has been tried 
against this formidable disease is the spray- 
ing of the trees with a solution of soda hy- 
posulphite in the proportion of one half 
ounce to one gallon of water; and also with 
two other solutions, viz., Potassium Sul- 
phide and Coledium Sulphite. The experi- 
ments with these remedies were made by 
Mr. E. S. Goff of the Geneva Experiment Sta- 
tion, and are of the highest importance. 
Although the experiments thus far tried are 
not perhaps absolutely conclusive, there is 
every reason to believe that when more is 
known of the subject, soda hyposulphite, or 
other sulphur compounds, may be success- 
fully and profitably employed against it. 
Grape Black Rot and Grape Downy Mil- 
dew. — Sulphate of Copper and Lime is the 
remedy regarded as successful in combat- 
ting these diseases. [Prof F. L. Scribner 
has treated these diseases so fully in detail 
in recent numbers of Orchard & Garden 
as to cover the entire ground as to their 
nature and proper treatment]. 
Goosebery Mildew. — Mr* Goff's valuable 
experiments include the use of potassium 
sulphide as a remedy against this disease. 
Although his work upon this subject is not 
as yet completed, enough has already been 
done to show that the above substance ap- 
plied in the form of a solution, has a mark- 
ed influence in checking and controlling 
this disease. 
Pear Blight. — The prompt and severe use 
of the knife, and the removal of affected 
plants in nursery rows, with the burning of 
the diseased parts, is the only remedy. At- 
tention to soil and cultivation, and the choice 
of varieties, although of great importance, 
are in the nature of preventatives. 
Pear Fruit Scab. — No remedies have been 
tried, but all that has been stated in regard 
to apple scab w ould no doubt be applicable 
here. 
Plum Black Knot. — The prompt use of 
the knife is an efficient remedy. All dis 
eased parts should be cut off a u soon as seen 
and burned. One correspondent justly 
complains of a slovenly neighbor lo wind- 
ward whose trees were covered vviili knot, 
thus conslantly contaminating his o vn. 
Plum Fruit Rot. — Although mostcommon 
on the plum, other fruits, as apples, cherries, 
and peaches may also be affected. No re- 
medies have been tried, and the only one 
which can be suggested is to destroy all dis- 
eased fruits as promptly as possible. In 
this w r ay large numbers of spores would be 
killed, thus lessening the contamination of 
the succeeding crop. 
Raspberry Red Rust. — The prompt re- 
moval and burning of diseased plants is the 
only known remedy. All possible prompt- 
ness is not, however, always effective. One 
case is cited when the disease was introduc- 
ed by planting a row of Kittatinny black- 
berries alongside of a field of raspberries. 
Every diseased plant was dug out as soon 
as seen, but the disease spread to adjacent 
plants and the owner was compelled to plow 
up a whole acre of raspberries in order to 
save other fields. 
Experiment* In Spraying for tin* Apple 
Scab. 
as referred to above, have been conducted 
by Prof. E. S. Goff, who gives the following 
account of them: In the summer of 18*5 I 
commenced, at Prof. Arthur's suggestion, a 
series of experiments in the use of soda hy- 
posulphite for the apple scab. The result 
of these experiments up to the year 1887 are 
given in the proceedings of the American 
Pomologieal Society for that year. They 
were continued the past year, not only with 
the soda hyposulphite, but also with potas- 
sium sulphide. In all of these experiments 
the substances were applied in solution, 
and with the spraying pump, upon one-half 
of the tree only, the other half remaining 
untreated as a check. The first experiments 
— those made in 1885 — were made upon a 
tree of the Siberian crab apple that had suf- 
fered so severely from fungus producing 
the apple scab that, while it blossomed free- 
ly every spring, it rarely matured any fruit. 
The next year the experiment was extend- 
ed to a Seckel pear tree that was also badly 
affected with the fungus, and the two suc- 
ceeding years, 1887-8, to several trees of the 
Fall Pippin apple, and during the last year 
another compound of sulphur was tried 
upon the crab-apple tree, viz., potassium 
sulphide. 
The results of the spraying were estimat- 
ed in every case by picking a quantity of 
fruit from the sprayed and unsprayed part 
of the tree, and assorting each lot into three 
qualities, putting into the first quality only 
the fruit not injured by the fungus, into 
the second those slightly injured, and into 
the third those much injured. 
In every case the results of the spraying 
proved beneficial. In the first experiment 
the number of fruit from the sprayed part 
of the tree that could be placed in the first 
quality was 11^ per cent greater than in 
those from the part of the tree not sprayed. 
In the second experiment the result was 
still more striking. The sprayed part of 
the tree matured a fair crop of fruit, 
while the part not sprayed brought no fruit 
to maturity. In the third experiment with 
the crab tree, the number of first quality 
fruit from the sprayed part was 16.1 per 
cent, greater than in those from the un- 
sprayed part. In the Seckel pear tree, the 
spraying appeared to increase the first 
quality by about six per cent. In the first 
experiment with the Fall Pippin trees, the 
spraying apparently increased the first 
quality fruit by 17.3 per cent. 
In the experiments of the past year, the 
soda hyposulphite appeared to increase the 
first quality fruit on the Fall Pippin trees 
by 9.7 per cent. The potassium sulphide 
increased the first quality fruit on the crab 
tree by 29 per cent, and on the Fall Pippin 
by about 8.7 per cent. 
It should be added that the figures do not 
express the full benefits of the applications, 
because in almost every case the size of the 
fruit on the sprayed part of the tree was 
larger than on the other, and in some cases 
the crop was decidedly larger on this side. 
I incline to think that in orchards where 
the fruit is much affected with apple scab, 
and when the trees are sprayed for the cod- 
ling moth, the addition of soda hyposul- 
phite, or potassium sulphide, to the water 
containing the arsenical poison, will abun- 
dantly repay the slight expense. 
The substances may be purchased at the 
drug store, the soda hyposulphite at 6 to 10 
cents per pound, and the potassium sul- 
phide at 25 to 60 cents per pound, accord- 
ing to the quantity and place of purchase. 
The former is readily soluble in cold water; 
the latter is better dissolved in a small 
quatity of warm water, and then added to 
the water used for spraying. 
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