April, i 88*. 
8 G 
ORCHARD St GRRDE 
r w\ aaaaAAaAa/ '/vwvw( 
L'O.NIiCCTEl) BV PROF. F. LaMSON SCRIBNER. 
Botanist, Experiment Station, Knoxville, Tenn, 
A mil rarnoM of Ilie Raupberr)-, 
Thisdisease is due to the attacks of a para- 
sitic fungus closely allied to that which 
causes Anthracnose of the grape. It attacks 
the leaves and growing canes, causing at 
first minute purplish spots which rapidly 
enlarge and soon become white or grayish 
in color. On the canes these spots often 
run together completely girdling them and 
causing the leaves and fruit above the in- 
jury to shrivel and eventually dry up. The 
disease is widely distributed, specimens 
having been received from nearly every 
northern State east of the Mississippi. In 
speaking with Mr. Williams, Secretary of 
the New Jersey State Horticultural Society, 
a short time ago concerning tins malady, he 
stated that it caused a great deal of injury 
in his section (Montclair) the past reason. 
Reports from Massachusetts andConnecticut 
lead us to believe that during the past two 
years it has prevailed to an alarming extent 
all through these States. It was first named 
and described by Mr. Ellis from specimens 
we sent him from Missouri in 1887, but there 
is no doubt that the parasite existed in this 
country many years prior to this date. 
Now that we know the disease is caused 
by a living parasite, we can at least make 
an intelligent effort to combat it. With 
this object in view it would be well to re- 
move and destroy all of the canes which 
were killed or only' partially destroyed by 
the parasite last year. Cut them out and 
burn them; they may be recognized by the 
large whitish scars which cover the surface. 
In the spring, before the leaves appear, spray 
the canes with the Bordeaux mixture. 
If possible thoroughly cover the canes 
with the mixture so as ta insure the des- 
truction of any reproductive bodies of the 
fungus that may be present. — B. F. Gallo- 
way, Chief of the Section of Vegetable Pa- 
thology, Washington, D. C. 
■ 
The FuntfUM of the Kaspberry Anllirac- 
no»e. 
The disease of the Raspberry now called 
Anthracnose, but very generally known as 
Raspberry Cane Rust, has become quite de- 
structive in some sections of the country, 
particularly in the Northern States. Pub- 
lic attention was first called to this disease 
l»y Prol. T. J. Burrill who published an ac- 
count of it in the Agricultural Review , for 
November, 1882. It was made the subject 
of a chapter in the .nnnual Report of the 
Department of Agriculture, 1887, p. 357, 
where it " as illustrated by a colored plate. 
The fungus causing the disease was describ- 
ed by Prof. J. B. Ellis in the third volume 
of the Journal of Mycology p. 129. 
Some months ago we received samples of 
canes from Prof. W. A. Henry of Madison, 
Wisconsin, which had been badly attacked 
bv the parasite. There were the character- 
istic white or grayish, flattened or depressed 
spots lrom 1-24 to 1-12 of an inch in diame- 
ter (sometimes larger) w ith dark purple 
borders, scattered thickly along the canes. 
The bark (cuticle! over many of the spots 
had split and in the older ones the crack ex- 
tended nearly or quite to the pith. At a 
few points several of the spots had united, 
forming diseased patches of considerable 
extent. 
Fhr 1578. Highly magnified view of the fuDgus of 
Raspberry Anthracnose, showing the spore-bearing 
stalks, spores and underlying tissues of the fungus and 
host plant. 
In the center of some of the spots there 
could be seen a slight elevation, yellowish 
in color and somewhat translucent in ap- 
pearance. This indicated the presence of 
spores. Through the center of one of these 
spots a very thin, longitudinal section was 
made and the appearance of the section un- 
der the microscope we have attempted to il- 
lustrate in figure 1579. This section extends 
through the cambium layer, the part chief- 
ly affected, and includes some of the woody 
tissue shown at the bottom of the figure. 
To the left the tissues are nearly normal ex- 
cepting that the cell walls are somewhat 
Fig. 1579. Showing a highly magnified longitudinal 
section through a portion of a diseased spot, the fungus 
fruiting at a, a. To the left the tissues is yet uninjur- 
ed. Over the spot the cuticle is destroyed and the un- 
derlying tissues are considerably broken down and the 
cells yet remaining are much shrunken and distorted. 
discolored to shades of brown. Over the 
diseased portion the bark or cuticle is en- 
tirely destroyed and the cambium tissues 
beneath are much broken down and the yet 
remaining cells are more or less shrunken 
and distorted. The body of the fungus oc- 
cupies the portion near the surface and at 
a, a, it is seen to be fruiting or producing 
spores. The mycelium was manifest only 
near the surface and was particularly abun- 
dant just beneath the fruiting points where 
it appeared to be so dense as to form a com- 
pact layer of tissue. 
The spore-bearing stalks appeared as rep- 
resented, shown more highly magnified 
in figure 1578. As illustrated in the last fig- 
ure the relative size and shape of the spores 
is shown, but they are, for a time at least, 
embedded or held together by a transparent 
gummy substance. This gum dissolves in 
water and soon disintegrates when thorough - 
ly dry, and in either case the spores are set 
free to find a lodgment and convey infec- 
tion to new points. 
A few days ago, the canes received from 
Prof. Henry, which had been laid away 
where they had remained dry, were mois- 
tened and placed under cover of a bell-jar 
for a day or two, so that they were kept 
damp, and in this time many of the diseas- 
ed spots developed a new crop of spores. 
This shows the sirong vitality of the fungus 
and also the necessity of entirely removing 
from the field and burning the diseased 
canes if we would get entirely rid of the par- 
asite. 
The striking similarity between the char- 
acters of the fungus under consideration 
and that causing anthracnose of the grape, 
will be seen by comparing figure 1578 and the 
figure 1511 published with our account of the 
latter disease in the June number of this 
journal last year. -This similarity suggests 
that these parasites may be overcome 
by like methods of treatment. Both at- 
tack all parts of the plants they re- 
spectively infest — stems, leaves and fruit. 
If we can prevent their gaining a foot 
hold on the stems there wall be little 
difficulty in protecting the other parts as 
the source of infection will be for the most 
part removed. Anthracnose of the grape 
has been successfully combated by washing 
the vines while dormant with a very strong 
solution (water) of sulphate of iron; this 
treatment followed during the period of 
growth by applications of sulphur and lime. 
This course may not rid a vineyard of the 
disease entirely in a single season, but if 
persisted in for several seasons in succession 
it has never failed. 
So we would treat our raspberry patch if 
anthracnose lias attacked the plants. Clean 
out the diseased canes and burn them. It 
would be advisable to cut out all canes 
showing any of the spots of the disease, but 
if the bark on these spots is yet unbroken 
the treatment may check the further de- 
velopment of the malady. Wash the canes 
before the buds begin to swell with a solu- 
tion of sulphate of iron (not weaker than 
one pound to the gallon, stronger would be 
better if the canes will stand it), and then 
when the leaves are well out, spray the 
plants with the Bordeaux mixture or dust 
them with sulphur and lime in equal parts. 
If one has no convenient means for apply- 
ing the Bordeaux mixture use Eau celeste 
to which has been added carbonate of soda. 
For Anthracnose alone, doubtless a solution 
of sulphide of potassium or liver of sulphur 
will br efficient, and we would recommend 
its trial. This solution is prepared by dis- 
solving y 2 to 1 oz. of the liver of sulphur in 
a gallon of water. 
