January, 1890. 
ORCHARD 
GARDEN^ 
5 
be operated upon. Sometimes there are a 
number of canes from a single foundation, 
all of which can be laid in such shape as to 
be pretty regular. Graft these in the spring 
with such varieties as are desired, and if 
they grow, the crop of fruit which they will 
be'ar the following year will delight the 
grower. But it must be borne in mind that 
the old stool will have to be closely watched 
and all the suckers rubbed out as they ap- 
pear, or the grafts will be deprived of the 
support necessary to sustain them. I have 
seen grafts of this kind grow fifteen feet the 
first season, with a number of laterals 
strong enough to bear fruit. 
When the Concord was first introduced I 
grafted a large vine for a friend in Lebanon, 
Penn., about four feet from the ground, 
when the vine had made a growth of two 
feet already ; the ordinary cleft graft- 
ing was adopted, and out of six grafts put 
on different canes only one grew. The 
whole force of the vine was directed into 
that graft, and by fall it had spread pretty 
well over a good sized trellis. The follow- 
ing spring I pruned the vine for him for 
the wood, as it was then valuable. The 
result was sixty-seven bunches, such as I 
have seldom seen since in point of size, both 
of bunch and berry. That was, in all prob- 
ability, the first Concord grape grown in 
Pennsylvania. And here remains a mystery, 
that and one other grape graft set above 
ground are all I have ever been able to make 
grow in that way, although hundreds have 
been tried within the last thirty years. 
Have any of the readers of Orchard and 
Garden ever succeeded in grafting above 
ground '( — S. Miller. 
Norton and Cyntliiana. 
In your November issue of Orchard and 
Garden you ask if there is any difference 
between Norton’s Virginia and Cyntliiana 
grapes. I have these grapes growing close 
together not twenty feet apart and with me 
there is a decided difference between them. 
In leaf the Cynthiana is smooth, thin and 
green ; the leaf of the Norton has a crump- 
led appearance and is also thicker, with a 
light tan-colored down upon the under side. 
The bunch and berry are about the same in 
size, shape and color; if there is any differ- 
ence I should say that Norton has the most 
bloom on them. In season of ripening 
Cynthiana is about ten days earlier. Both 
are strong growers and are comparatively 
free from rot and mildew. Lastly, as to 
quality, Cynthiana is the sweeter of the 
two, but the juice of Norton is the thicker. 
The birds seem to know the difference for 
they always strike the Cynthiana first. I 
may add that there is a red rust which 
sometimes attacks Norton’s Virginia on the 
tender shoots early in the season and which 
I have never seen on the Cynthiana. — 
Cras. Lauppe, Champaign Co., Ohio. 
Look here, Friend, Are you Sick? 
Do you suffer from Dyspepsia, Indigestion, SourStom- 
.ch. Liver Complaint, Nervousness, Lost Appetite.Bil- 
lousness. Exhaustion or Tired Fteling, Pains in Che-t 
or Lungs, Dry Cough, Nigbtsweats or any form of Con- 
sumption? If so, send to Prof. Hart. 88 Warren St. New 
York, who will send you free, by mail, a bottle of Flora- 
plexioru which is a sure cure. Send to day.— Adv. 
January Reminders. 
There is not muclj outdoor work to be 
done in the orchard during January pro- 
vided the directions given for fall and early 
winter work, in recent numbers of Or- 
chard and Garden, have been followed. 
It will be necessary to tramp the snow 
firmly around yoting trees after each fall 
for protection from mice. To repel rabbits 
use as a wash fresh blood, or lime in 
which equal parts of glue and copperas 
have been mixed. Dissolve one pound each 
of glue and copperas separately and mix 
with a large pail of thin whitewash. Tarred 
paper wrapped around young trees from 
the root upwards to about two feet will also 
protect them from mice and rabbits and is 
also useful against the borer. 
Pruning may be done during the latter 
part of the month where necessary. The 
annual hacking and so-called “ trimming 
up” that is done in many orchards is alto- 
gether unnecessary and hurtful. Remove 
only the suckers and sufficient wood to ad- 
mit air and light freely. Cover wounds at 
once with grafting wax, paint, or varnish.. 
The liquid grafting wax for which we give 
a formula in this number is admirable for 
such a purpose. Cut out the black knot 
excrescences from the cherry and plum 
trees, cutting down to the sound wood, ap- 
ply a wash of lime and cover the wound 
with liquid grafting wax. 
Cions may be cut during mild spells cf 
weather, labeled carefully and packed 
away in slightly damp sand or moss, in a 
cellar, or buried out of doors. Guard against 
excessive moisture and mould. In sending 
cions by mail dip the cut ends in grafting 
wax and wrap in oiled paper. 
Root-grafting on apple stocks is generally 
done this month. The grafts are fitted on 
to pieces of apple root or wdiole roots, as 
the case may be, by what is termed whip 
grafting which consists in making a slop- 
ing cut on both graft and stock with a slit 
or tongue ou each which fit into each other 
and unite the two parts closely together, 
the inner bark of both being in close con- 
tact. The point of union is then firmly 
wrapped with waxed cotton cord and the 
grafts are labelled and packed away in 
sand in the cellar until the spring planting. 
Advantage may be taken of the hard 
frozen ground to draw out manure and dis- 
tribute it wherever needed : this is in order 
at all times from fall to spring. See that 
fences are in good order and that stray sheep 
do not wander into the orchard ; when 
snow is on the ground and pasture inacces- 
sible they will quickly bark the trees and 
should therefore be kept out. 
Apples in the cellar should not be for- 
gotten but picked over occasionally and de- 
caying specimens removed. They keep 
best in as cool a place as possible without 
actual freezing. Dr. Hoskins says that 
sound apples will endure, without freezing, 
a temperature of 30 degrees. They may be 
kept until late in the season by wiping them 
perfectly dry and packing them into bar- 
rels, without touching each other, in bran 
or oats. Both of these are poor conductors 
of heat, and absorb moisture readily. Other 
materials are recommended but the main 
conditions are that they be kept cool and 
dry. 
The leisure time afforded at this season of 
the year may be employed with much bene- 
fit and profit in making up necessaries for 
use during the coming season. For in- 
stance, in the orchard more ladders may be 
needed, boxes and crates for storing fruit 
in should be made, a fruit house perhaps 
may be built or a home-made evaporator 
designed and constructed. With a few 
tools and a comfortable place to work in, 
a good deal of pleasure and considerable 
gain may be gotten out of these wintry 
days. 
The mind also may be profitably exercised 
in the contemplation of the past season’s 
work and its results. We may often leara 
more from defeat than from success if we 
properly consider the causes of it. Hence 
care should be taken to avoid those mis- 
takes which have made failure in the past. 
No less wisely should we look out for the 
future and consider operations for the com- 
ing year. The catalogues of the leading and 
most trustworthy nurseries may be obtained 
upon application and should be sent for and 
carefully read. Much information regard- 
ing varieties may be obtained from them, 
and if is decided to plant more trees in the 
spring the order should be sent in at once, 
and early shipment insisted upon. Do not 
wait until the rush of spring business is 
upon the nurseryman, when delays are 
imminent and his stock is often exhausted, 
but order early, adding “no substitution,” 
and you will be pretty certain to get what 
you want. 
Clierries and Plains. 
It is a most singular thing, when we first 
look at it, that plum and cherry growing in 
our Atlantic and Cen: ral States should be so 
generally unsatisfactory, whether to ama- 
teurs, farmers, or market fruit growers. I 
cannot think the fact is entirely owing to 
the defects of climate which make some 
other European fruits unsuccessful with us. 
All of us who are old enough can remem- 
ber when both these fruits were easily grown 
and when Dr. Kirtland, Prince, Manning, 
and so many others were producing such 
fine seedling cherries, back in the 30’s and 
40’s, the market was abundantly supplied. 
But almost at once the curculio and the 
black knot swept over the land, our climate 
even seemed to alter its adaptability to 
these fruits, and since that time they have 
held a relatively insignificant place. This 
is shown by the large sale of California fruit, 
unripe and unsavory as much of it reaches 
us. As for the climate, I doubt its being 
