January, 1880 . 
13 
ORCHARD j 'Ind'C ^RRDEN^ 
Sr - — , . : 
ricus also, the mycelium of the Demato- 
phora forms cords which grow through the 
soil, but these cords are lighter in color and 
much more delicate, and the mycelial 
threads composing them exhibit different 
characters when viewed under the micro- 
scope. A few of these filaments are shown 
in figure 1624. The brown 
exterior threads are de- 
cidedlyswollenand some- 
what pear-shaped where 
the septa or cross walls 
occur, — much more so 
than is indicated in the 
figure. In figure 1625, 
we have illustrated a 
fragment of root killed 
by the Dematophora, the 
bark being removed from 
the side in view, showing 
the extension of the my- 
celium on the wood, and 
points where it has enter- 
Colorless mycelial fll- ed the barJf 
aments of Dematopho- 
m necatrix (after vi- Treatment of Boot-rot : 
a’la). Fig. 1624. — It is evident from the 
fact that the fungi causing Root-rot bury 
themselves within the tissues of the roots 
and this to a considerable extent before the 
presence of the disease may be suspected, 
that any direct means of combating the evil 
are out of the question. That which would 
destroy the fungus would without doubt be 
equally destructive to the vine. But we 
may prevent the disease, or at least check 
its spreading. \s moisture is the primary 
favoring element to the development of the 
disease this should be removed as far as 
possible by thorough draining. The de- 
pressions in the vineyard where water is 
liable to accumulate should receive most 
careful attention in this respect, for it is at 
these points that root-rot is most likely to 
, appear. When an affected vine is dis- 
* covered it ought to be removed from the 
vineyard at once and all its roots carefully 
dug up and burned. The vines adjacent 
ought to be treated in like manner, for as 
the fungi spread through the soil, the roots 
of these will afford new 
feeding ground for them, 
if they are not already 
found to be infested. The 
surface then should be 
cleaned of all vegetation 
and so maintained for at 
least two years. As a pre- 
caution against the ex- 
tension of the mycelium 
in the soil, a ditch two 
feet deep should be dug 
around the infected area. 
It is hardly necessary to 
add that vines should 
not be planted where 
trees of any kind affected 
with root-rot have been 
removed. Before use such land should be 
treated as just indicated for the infected 
area in a vineyard. Chips or waste from a 
wood-yard used as a mulch about vines, 
will serve to invite the disease if they do 
not directly infect the soil with Root-rot. 
Black-rot and Brown-rot. 
Black-rot. — The fungus of Black-rot, 
like the Downy Mildew wh ich causes Brown- 
rot, attacks the leaves and young shoots as 
well as the berries. On the leaves it causes 
reddish brown spots which are sharply de- 
fined and usually rounded in outline. On 
the young shoots and leaf-stalks it pro- 
duces characteristic change in the form of 
elongated, very dark brown, depressed spots. 
As a rule the disease appears on the foliage 
a week or two before the berries are at- 
tacked. The malady appears on the latter 
at one or more points on their surface in 
the shape of small, brown (sometimes black), 
circular spots. These spots may never in- 
crease in size, but usually they enlarge 
rapidly until the whole berry is involved, 
the part first attacked assuming a blackish 
hue. Minute pimples now appear on sur- 
face, first and most abundantly about the 
original spots and finally thickly studding 
the whole surface. The berry turns black, 
dries and shrivels, presenting strong and 
prominent ridges. If it remains attached 
to its pedicel until this stage is reached, it 
usually continues strongly adherent. This 
character, together with its intensely black 
color and especially the presence of the in- 
numerable little pimples, serve at once to 
distinguish Black-rot from Brown-rot. 
Brown-rot. — The peculiar characteristics 
of Brown-rot appear only in berries attacked 
when nearly full grown. Upon these the 
fungus rarely appears on the outside (Mil- 
dew), but its growth wiihin the tissues pro- 
gresses more or less rapidly according to 
the juiciness of the berry and the ex- 
ternal atmospheric conditions. In con- 
sequence of this growth, the contents 
of the cells turn brown, their vitality 
is destroyed and they become more or 
less shrunken. Externally these changes 
appear to progress slowly. The berries at- 
tacked, however, are quickly distinguished 
from those which are healthy by their 
grayish or less vivid green color. Soon 
marked discolorations appear here and 
there over the surface, and at these points 
the skin becomes more or less depressed by 
the shrinking of the tissues beneath. The 
berries become more and more lifeless in 
appearnce, finally turning to a unif orm 
deep brown color. They eventually become 
dry and hard, beginning to shrivel usually 
at the point where the stem is attached, 
but they do not present the hard and promi- 
nent wrinkles seen in berries destroyed by 
Black-rot, nor are their surfaces covered 
witn the small black pustules or pimples 
characteristic of thatd : sease. The diseased 
berries are detached more readily from the 
clusters than in the case of Black-rot. 
M. A. de L'Ecluse, professor in the de- 
partment of agriculture of Lot-et-Garonne, 
France, has been making carefully conduct- 
ed experiments in the treatment of Black- 
rot of grapes, a detailed account of which 
is published in “ Pr ogres Agricole ” for Oct. 
13. The Bordeaux mixture, containing 12 
lbs. sulphate of copper, 6 lbs. of lime, to 22 1 
gallons of water, gave the best and most 
satisfactory results, with but three appli- 
cations the first being on May 29. Prof. 
L’Ecluse makes the following conclusions : 
1. The efficacy of the cupric com- 
pounds against Black-rot is beyond question . 
2. Their uncertainty has resulted from 
ignorant methods adopted in their use. 
3. Their action is at once preventive and 
curative, if the preparations are uniformly 
distributed over all the green surfaces of 
the vine. 
4. The loss to the crop is diminished as 
the manner of execution of the treatments 
is more perfect. 
And he adds that it is probable that two 
treatments will be sufficient to overcome 
the disease. 
Replies to Orchard and Garden Circu- 
lar on Black-rot. 
Replying to the question, “ Hasthe Black 
rot attacked your grapes this year, &c. ? 
Mr. E. Williams, of Montclair, N. J., says 
“Yes, and every other kind of rot. My 
first record of rot is under date of July 17, 
when there was a good deal of the disease 
present. Mr. Williams reports further as 
follows : “I think there have been two or 
three periods of attack. The season has 
been wet and hot. Showers or rains occur- 
red May 22, 27, 30, 31, June 1, 9, 10, 11, 
12, 15, 17, 21, 26, July 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 15, 19, 
27, 29, 30, 31, August 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 10, 13, 14, 
15, 23, 24, September 6, 10, 11, 12. The 
remedy I employed was the Bordeaux mix- 
ture — 6 lbs. sul. cop., 4 lbs. of lime, 22 gals, 
water — applying it to the vines first, May 
24 ; second, June 10, 22 and 24, as I could 
get them dry ; third, July 26, and August 
3d. I then gave them up as a bad case and 
let them go. As to results, rot prevailed ex- 
tensively among most varieties that were 
unbagged and, as far as I can see, the foli- 
age is no better or less affected with mildew 
than on the vines not treated at all. Bag- 
ging does prevent rot but not mildew.” 
Mr. John V. Campbell, of Howell Co., 
Mo., who has a thousand vines, reports that 
Black-rot first appeared June 28. He em- 
ployed no remedies. Some kinds rotted 
much more than others : Empire State, 
“ bad;” Jefferson, “all;” Concord, very 
few ; Niagara and Worden, none. 
A correspondent in Nebraska writes, “ I 
have not seen or heard of any grapes rot- 
ting in this State. Grapes do well here if 
laid down and covered with earth in the 
fall, with a mulching of some sort thrown 
over the whole.” 
Have never noticed any Black-rot or Mil- 
dew on my vines, of which I have about 
525. All hardy early grapes do well here. 
Late grapes are not to be recommended for 
planting m Palouse county, because early 
frosts in the Fall sometimes prevents them 
from ripening.— George Ruedy, Colfax, 
Whitman, Co., Washington. 
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