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Growing Applm for Profit. 
it down hard by tramping. The trees should 
stand about three inches deeper than in the 
nursery. For the West and all windy, hot 
sections the heads should be pruned low and 
the trees set to brace against the storms. 
Objections have been made to the practice 
of grafting trees on pieces of seedling roots. 
It is claimed that the whole root should be 
used for one graft and that the trees would 
then be better. This is purely imaginary. 
Does not every tree grower of experience 
know that every variety has its peculiar 
growth and formation of root as well as top 
and it makes no difference how much or lit- 
tle of the seedling root is used, the root will 
eventually conform to the top. If there is 
any preference it is in favor of the shortest 
sections of root, for then there will be little 
antagonism between root and graft and the 
tree will sooner be on its own roots, which 
are the best or nature is a failure It is also 
a mistaken idea that seedlings are hardy. 
We had 40,000 killed in Illinois in 1858, only 
one single tree in the whole lot of one, two 
and three years old escaped. The seed of 
these trees came from New York from seed- 
ling trees. Grafted trees in the nursery 
suffered no worse than these seedlings. 
In very trying sections of the West and 
Northwest it is well to top-graft on the limbs 
of hardy trees, like Russian or crab apples, 
but all hardy trees do not make good stocks. 
Though Oldenburg is hardy it makes a poor 
stock as it is not a good grower and is the 
worst tree of them all to be attacked by 
the borer. Many of the crab apples have 
some faults. The best of all others, where 
the climate is not too severe, is Early Pen- 
nock; no other apple tree that we have 
grown, out of one thousand varieties, is 
equal to it. In a lot of about one hundred 
trees of this variety set out twenty-two and 
thirty years ago, not a single tree has blown 
over or away from an erect position, neither 
has there been a limb split or broken off. 
They are so tough and gnarly that the borer 
cannot hurt them and no ordinary method 
can split them. 
Root-grafting may still be done up to the 
time of setting out. For that purpose the 
ground should be level or of a gentle slope, 
plowed deeply and pulverized well. In 
planting set by a line, the rows being four 
feet apart and the grafts about eight inches 
apart in the row. One person can rake and 
prepare the ground, another place the grafts 
along the line at the proper distance and 
the third can put them in the ground, with 
a flat dibble, down to the upper bud, press- 
ing them tight with the dibble by putting 
it in the ground close by and pressing the 
soil tightly against the graft. 
All kinds of fruit trees bear and do better 
planted in proximity to others of the same 
species, for self fertilization is not always as 
congenial as foreign pollen. Some of the 
plums, such as Wild Goose, wall scarcely 
bear apy fruit unless fertilized by some other 
like Minor, etc. It is forthis reason that we 
h ear so many different and contradictory re- 
ports concerning the productiveness of many 
varieties of fruit trees.— J/Stayman, M. D. 
CHOICE DESSERT APPLES. 
Those growers who are accustomed to sel- 
ling their apples at from one to two dollars 
a barrel, and think the last a paying price, 
have little conception of the money that 
may be got out of apple growing. The grow- 
ers of choice dessert apples in England think 
little of getting from sixpence to a shilling 
each for their fine fruits. There is no risk 
in saying that, let them do their best, we 
can here in America grow finer apples, at a 
much less cost, than the most careful or- 
chardist in the comparatively sunless moth- 
er country. For those who are looking for 
an uncrowded field of labor in horticulture, 
it seems to me that here is a rather desira- 
ble opening. Not that the field is entirely 
unocupied, but that it is yet, and for some 
time to come will be, a good and profitable 
one. “There is always room, up high.” 
Perfectly flawless apples, of our best and 
most beautiful dessert sorts, if put upon the 
right market at the moment of their great- 
est perfection, can be easily sold at from $10 
to $20 a barrel. Instead of being a high, 
this is a low estimate. Apples of medium 
size run about 500 to the barrel, and at $20 
would be only four cents apiece. But this 
class of apples should never be barreled. 
They should be handled like eggs; and really 
the best case for shipping such fruit is made 
upon the same plan as the cellular egg cases. 
In these, fancy Canadian apples are now 
being shipped to England, and have netted 
the growers about $3 a bushel. 
SOME SELECT VARIETIES. 
The dessert-apple grower wants to pro- 
duce fruit for all seasons, and with the help 
of cold storage he can easily supply the tab- 
les of his customers with choice apples, in 
prime order for eating, every day in the 
year. The list from which selections may 
be made is sufficiently long, but just the 
right choice for a given locality requires a 
knowledge of local adaptations. Some of 
our best apples are very local in this respect, 
not succeeding at all outside of a limited 
area of country. Perfect form, beauty of 
color, aroma, a delicate flavor and mellow 
flesh are requisites. Freedom from all fun- 
goid defacement is also essential, but this 
can now generally be secured by fungicide 
spraying. The following is perhaps a suf- 
ficiently full list for the northern half of the 
country : 
Summer Apples . — Yellow Transparent , 
Early Harvest, Early Joe, Primate, Am. 
Summer Pearmain, Red Astrachan, Maid- 
en’s Blush, Summer Rose. 
Autumn Apples. — William’s Favorite, Fa- 
meuse, Princess Louise, Fameuse Sueree, 
Peach of Montreal, Gravenstein, Dyer, Gar- 
den Royal, Fall Pippin, Fall Wine, Porter. 
Winter Apples. — Am. Golden Pippin. Mc- 
Intosh Red, Baltimore, Belmont, Bucking- 
ham, Esopus Spitzenburg, Grimes’ Golden, 
Hubbardston Nonesuch, Hunt's Russet, Jew- 
ett’s Fine Red, Wealthy, Jonathan, Mon- 
mouth Pippin, Northern Spy, Pryor’s Red, 
Rambo, Red Canada, Westfield Seek-no- 
Further, Yellow Bellflower, Striped Winter 
Pearmain, Swaar, Mother, Wagener. 
CULTURE OF CHOICE APPLES. 
If one is going into the cultivation of this 
class of apples, with a view of making a 
paying business of it, he will seek a conven- 
ient location, not too far from his market. 
A deep rich soil (either naturally or artific- 
ially so) is essential to the best results; and 
garden culture must be given from the 
start. In order not to wait too long, and 
also because we often get much finer speci- 
mens in this way, it is advisable to set out 
a large proportion of dwarf and half-dwarf 
trees. As these, particularly the former, 
are quite short-lived they may be set between 
the standard trees, and wall be removed be- 
fore one will encroach upon the other. Not 
all varieties are adapted to dwarfing, but 
some of the kinds late in coming to bearing, 
are much hastened as dwarfs, or semi- 
dwarfs. In addition to Paradise and Dou- 
cain stocks, I can, from experience, strong- 
ly recommend the Tetofsky as a stock for 
this purpose. 
Clean surface culture, and liberal mulch- 
ing, are both required. Deep plowing in an 
orchard, after the first five or six years, 
is not desirable. An opportunity to irrigate 
is not to be despised; for in a very diy season 
a supply of water will prevent heavy loss 
by the arrested growth and premature drop- 
ping of the fruit. A springy hill-side, se- 
lecting a spot with a moderate and even 
slope, is an excellent site for an apple oi - 
chard. On such a spot the trees thrive, 
bear well and produce the largest, fairest 
and most finely colored fruit. I think an 
eastern exposure best, but not at much sac- 
rifice of afternoon sunlight. 
If you wish for fine fruit, thinning will 
be the biggest job in your orchard, after the 
trees come to full bearing. This is particu- 
larly true if you determine to spray for the 
codlin worm, and other insect depredators; 
but at the prices you may expect to obtain 
for choice fruit the most thorough and care- 
ful work will give the best returns. It 
should be a rule that no apple should touch 
another at any stage of their growth. Prun- 
ing ought to be systematically practiced 
from the first, with a view to open heads 
for the trees. A “brushy” tree yields very 
little good fruit. I believe that three main 
branches are better than more; but the sys- 
tem of pruning must be modified, according 
to the habit and growth of each variety. 
When our crop has matured upon the tree, 
the gathering of it, in such a manner as not 
to deface it, approaches a fine art. Presup- 
posing a proper pruning of the trees, and a 
thorough, careful thinning of the fruit, the 
most careful gathering, slow though it 
may be, will be most profitable. If the 
spraying and the thinning have had their 
desired effect, the proportion of first class 
fruit ought to be very large; and no one 
would desire to lessen this by too hasty 
gathering. While the orchard is compara- 
tively young, much of the fruit can be tak- 
en off the trees by hand, while standing on 
the ground, or by cup pickers. As they grow 
