114 
June, 1890. 
/ ORCHARD /rs GARDEN \ 
(3) If the weather should be such as to 
favor the development of the “scah" fun- 
gus. a third application should be made 
two or three weeks after the second, using 
the same materials. 
In storing the fruit for winter, special 
care should be taken to separate all the ap 
pies showing any signs of the “scab’’ from 
those which are smooth and healthy, and 
they all should be kept in rooms or cellars 
free from moisture.” 
The success attained last year by the use 
of the "modified" eau celeste and the am- 
moniacal solution of carbonate of ccpper 
proves the value of the above recommended 
course of treatment. We believe this dem- 
onstration would have been more complete 
and striking if the first item in the course 
had been carried out. that is, the washing 
or spraying of the trees with a strong solu- 
tion of sulphate of iron before the expansion 
of the buds in early spring. We would 
now use sulphate of copper instead of sul- 
phate of iron for this early treatment, one 
pound of sulphate of copper to ten gallons 
of water. For the treatments during the 
growing season, of which there should be 
at least three (one just before blossoming, 
one when the fruit is set and one when the 
fruit is half-growing) we would use either 
the ammoniacal solution of carbonate of 
copper or eau celeste containing carbonate 
of soda, giving preference to the former. 
Formula for the ammoniacal solution of 
carbonate of copper: 
Carbonate of copper (precipitated) 3 oz. 
Aqua ammonia 1 qt. 
Water 30 gal. 
Dissolve the copper carbonate in the 
ammonia then add the solution to the given 
amount of water. 
Formula for the modified eau celeste: 
Sulphate of copper 1 lb. 
Carbonate of soda 2 lbs. 
Aqua ammonia 1)4 P ts 
Water 30 gal. 
Disolve the copper sulphate and soda car- 
bonate in separate vessels and then mix the 
two, add the ammonia then add the solution 
thus formed to the amount of w ater named. 
According to Prof. Goff one and one-half 
gallons of the diluted solution is a quantity 
sufficient to spray thoroughly a tree of 
medium size. 
1. Fruit from unsprayed trees. 
1st. quality. 2nd. quality. 
3rd. quallty.j 
2. Fruit from trees sprayed with 
copper solution. 
the carbonate 
of 
' £• 
1st. quality. 
2nd. quality. 
5 
c* 
n 
Figure showing the proportion of the fruit In each of 
the three qualities from trees treated with the car- 
bonate of copper solution and from a like number of 
trees of the same kind untreated. Results obtained 
by Prof. E. 8. Goff at the Wisconsin Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1889. 
June in Hie Vineyard. 
As grape vines this month will grow very 
fast and soon become rampant and unman- 
agable they should be closely watched and 
the best and most vigorous canes selected 
for bearing next season. These canes, if 
grown too rampant, should be pinched back 
to about eighteen or twenty inches long to 
induce them to throw out laterals. The 
laterals will then grow shorter- jointed and 
produce larger bunches and better fruit 
than if allowed to grow unchecked. Tie 
the new canes up to the trellis as fast as 
they grow and let them grow without pinch- 
ing any more. Remove or cut off all other 
feeble and unnecessary shoots thus giving 
more vigor to those that are left, and rub off 
superfluous buds that may start from the 
vine. We use common gunny sacks cut 
up into strips for tying the growing canes 
to the trellis but for the main arms we use 
willow' which is stronger, more convenient 
and the best. 
The strong, rampant shoots that are bear- 
ing should also be pinched off beyond the 
last bunch of fruit, but do not pinch in any 
of the weak growing shoots, as that would 
check their growth, which is to be avoided. 
If the vines have been properly pruned and 
trained there will be more fruit set than is 
beneficial to the Vine hence all imperfect 
bunches should be pinched or cut off and 
those are that left will grow* much larger 
and the fruit will be better. It is always 
best not to allow the vines to bear too heav- 
ily as it weakens their vitality and injures 
future crops. Cultivate and keep the vine- 
yard clear from weeds but it is best to 
do this when the grapes are not in bloom 
and when the grounn is not too wet. 
It inquires constant watching to keep a 
vineyard in good condition , for a few days 
of neglect in the rapid growing season w*ill 
cause many days of extra labor to get it in- 
to order again. 
Grafting may now be done if the grafts 
have been kept dormant in some cold place 
or ice house. We can also graft the young 
growing canes either above or under the 
ground in the same manner described in 
Spring grafting but it requires more care. 
For this purpose as dormant buds as can be 
found from the present year's growth should 
be selected for grafts, and all the leaves re- 
moved. When grafted tie gently with bass 
or some soft material; the young green 
wood is very tender and but little pressure 
would injure and kill the grafts. Careful 
and gentle packing of the soil without a tie 
is just as good if the graft is kept in place 
and perhaps for the inexperienced, cleft 
grafting would be the most successful. 
Growing grafts should be tied up to stakes 
as soon as possible to prevent the wind from 
blowing them off, and the suckers removed 
as often as they appear. 
Layers may al«o now be made by bending 
down a cane and laying it in a trench about 
six inches deep and then pegging it down. 
Each eye will make a vine, hut not more 
than six layers should be taken from a vine 
or it will in jure the mother vine and check 
its vigor. If any vacancies occur in the 
vineyard bend down a cane and layer it in 
the vacant place: this is better than plant- 
ing a new vine as it will grow stronger and 
fruit sooner. Cuttings and young vines 
should be attended to in season and never 
permitted to become weedy; they require 
clean and constant culture to make a good 
growth. 
If it is desired to raise new seedlings by 
crossing, it should be attended to before the 
grapes bloom. Remove the petals < r caps 
with a small scissors just before they burst 
open and then fertilize them with the pollen 
desired which should have been previously 
collected for that purpose. This is a very 
nice and delicate operation and requires 
some skill and experience or it will fail. 
The hybridization of the grape with the Eu- 
ropean varieties is a failure and cannot be 
recommended, as the latter are all too tender 
and subject to mildew or rot. It is unnec- 
essary for us to resort to foreign grapes 
when we have hardy species that are free 
from rot and disease, susceptible of produc- 
ing large and fine fruit. From these we 
anticipate a revolution in grape culture 
when their capabilities are fully understood 
as they have stood here for ages, specimens 
of hardiness, health and vigor. 
Spraying and sacking grapes will now be 
in order and should be attended to at the 
proper time or neither will be of any use. 
Both of these processes have been so of tern 
described that it appears unnecessary to 
say more about them except to note that 
we find cheap muslin better for sacks than 
paper. They may be made on a sewing 
machine, of any size desired, and will last 
several years ;the water drains through them 
about as fast as it rains, therefore the sacks 
may be closed below. If any vines have 
been cut off to prevent rot now is the time 
to select fruiting canes; pinch them off at 
the first wire and let them throw out later- 
als as above described for all rampant grow- 
ing shoots or canes, and treat them in like 
manner. — J. Stayman, Kansas. 
Agawam Grape. 
In my notes which appeared in the April 
number I referred to the Agawam blackber- 
ry, which I consider the best in all respects, 
and not to the grape of the same name which 
too often fails to ripen unless in favorable 
seasons or in warm positions. — Isaac Hicks. 
Mr. H. W. Palmer of Phila. Co., Pa., 
claims to have secured “as fine a lot of 
grapes as he ever saw” by the use of sul- 
phate of iron or copperas scattered on the 
ground beneath the vines, and keeping the 
ground well cultivated throughout the sum- 
mer. Neighboring vineyards were severely' 
attacked by the rot while his were entirely 
free from the disease. 
