200 
November, 1890. 
Q R GRRbEN~\ 
to put the crop in market. One variety 
gave us ripe fruit May 25, and the crop was 
plentiful through June. The last of June, 
when plants raised in the open ground were 
about coming inti fruit, we had an ex- 
tremely hot and dry spell, and in a little 
while the early plants were in a deplorable 
condition, with long, bare stems, and tufts 
of foliage only at the ends. We went over 
the whole, and cut every plant back to 
within six inches of the base, and drew 
fresh earth around them. In a little while 
they broke into a fresh growth, and as the 
weather grew more moist made a fine 
growth, and from the first of September to 
the present writing (Oct. 10) have continued 
to furnish a fine supply of fruit. At the 
time these plants were cut back we selected 
a lot of the freshest tips of the shoots about 
a foot long. Those were set about half their 
length in the soil, and the earth made firm 
around them. Every one grew and soon 
made a strong plant. These cuttings set 
July 10th ripened fruit late in September, 
and unless frost comes earlier than usual 
will enable us to stretch out our tomato 
season from first of June to last of October. 
It is not too late, perhaps, in some sections 
where Orchard and Garden reaches, to 
remind our readers that a large part of the 
green fruit remaining on the vines can be 
ripened by pulling up the vines and hanging 
them indoors in a warm place — a cellar will 
do. 
* * 
* 
Experience of recent years has demon- 
strated the fact that while the potato crop 
can be grown in the North by the aid of 
fertilizeis in which potash and phosphoric 
acid are the leading food, in the South the 
crop must in addition have a supply of 
nitrogen in some form. I am not sure but 
that the best way to supply it is aftergrowth 
has begun, by means of top dressing with 
nitrate of soda during cultivation, applying 
it at two dressings, one when the plants first 
appear, and one at the final working. We 
would like for some of our southern readers 
to try this to some extent in the next crop. 
— W. F. Massey. 
Storing Celery for Winter. 
A small supply of celery for family use may 
be easily kept in good condition in the cel- 
lar in various ways. The accompanying 
sketch shows one of the best of them. In 
an ordinary shoe box, or any other of suf- 
ficient size, bore holes at the sides, four in- 
ches from the bottom; then on a layer of 
sand or soil place the plants upright and so 
fill the box. The soil should be kept moist 
by watering through the holes at the side 
of the box but the tops must be kept dry. 
Conducted by Prof. F. Lamson Scribner, 
Botanist, Experiment Station, Knoxville, Tenn. 
Bean Rust. 
(Uromuces pliaseoli.) 
The true Bean Rust is caused by one of 
the “rust” producing fungi of the genus 
Uromyces. It is closely related botanically 
to the fungus of wheat rust, and in the 
same genus (Uromyces) are species which 
attack clover, orchard grass, Kentucky blue 
grass, geraniums, peas, etc. The one upon 
the bean causes a special disease and, judg- 
ing from its extent and severity in this 
region the past season, it is of considerable 
importance, well deserving our attention. 
It attacks both pole and bush beans, and it 
was upon the former that we first noticed 
Fig. 339. Showing appearance of bean leaf attacked 
by Uromyces Phaseoli. 
it, early in August. Within a short time 
after its appearance the foliage of the vines 
was completely destroyed, and in some 
cases the destruction extended to the stems 
and pods, for these parts were also infested 
by the parasite. In fields of bush beans 
attacked by this fungus its destructiveness, 
so far as we h tve observed, is less sweeping, 
the diseased plants being scattered irregu- 
larly among those free from the parasite. 
The fungus appears upon the leaves in 
minute cinnamon-brown, or nearly black, 
roundish spots which are more or less 
thickly scattered over both surfaces. Some- 
times the tissue about these minute spots 
turns to a pale yellow color and the leaf 
may even become deformed, but more often 
there is no discoloration of the leaf tissues ; 
under the action of the parasite, 
however, the vitality of the leaf is soon 
impaired, it loses its hold upon the stem and 
falls to the ground. The usual appearance 
of a diseased leaf is shown in fig. 339. The | 
growing pods are often deformed by the 
disease, and on the stems the fungus appears 
in rather narrow and elongated spots. 
The rust fungi, or the majority of them, 
have three distinct stages in their life his- 
tory, each marked by the production of a 
special kind of spore. There is the aecidium 
or cluster-cup stage, in which aecidiospores 
a 
Fig. 332. Uromyces of the bean, a, Section through 
a sorus, showing the fungus in fruit where it has 
broken through the epidermis, b , Uredo-spores. c. 
Teleuto-spores. 
are produced ; the uredo or red-rust stage, 
in which are formed the uredospores ; and 
telcuto or black-rust (sometimes called 
mildew) stage, at which time the teleuto- 
spores or winter spores are produced. The 
period included in the ascidium stage is 
often spent upon one host plant, the uredo 
and teleuto stages being spent upon some 
other entirely distinct host. This is the 
habit of the fungus of wheat rust ; the 
aecidium or cluster-cup stage of this para- 
site, occurs on the barberry, the red rust and 
black rust (uredo and teleuto) stages only 
appearing on the wheat plant. The Urom- 
yces of the pea and of orchard grass also 
have their cluster-cup stages on other plants. 
In the case of our Uromyces of the bean, 
however, the three stages all occur upon 
this host ; first, in early summer, the 
aecidium stage appears, then comes the 
uredo stage, which is followed in turn by 
the teleuto stage. 
If we pick and roughly handle a diseased 
bean-leaf at the time the fungus is in the 
uredo stage, i.e., when the small spots are 
of a cinnamon-brown 
color, our hands will 
be soiled with a fine, 
dust-like, reddish pow- 
der. This powder is 
composed of uredo- 
spores, several of which 
are shown, very greatly 
magnified, at b in fig. 
332. These spores are 
produced on short, up- 
right branches which 
spring from a very del- 
icate mycelium within 
the leaf tissues. By 
the growth of the up- 
right branches and for- 
mation of the uredo- 
spores upon their tips, the epidermis of the 
leaf is pushed up and finally broken through, 
and it is in this way that the fungus, or 
rather its crop of spores, becomes visible. 
Fig. 335. Teleuto- 
sporeof Uromyces fabal 
(Terminating, sp, Spor- 
idium. 
