November, 1890. 
201 
ORCHARD /and 
GARDEN \ 
,_.j/ r y _r ■ «/ 1 _ L J I . / ,o r '/v .■ / _rj , ■ , • / Vj) 
The uredospores are ready to germinate 
as soon as nature, and it is by them that the 
propagation of the fungus is most rapidly 
carried on during the latter part of summer 
or early autumn months. 
When the fungus has attained its full 
development the teleuto spores are formed. 
These are borne in dense masses on slender 
stalks, like the uredospores, and push 
through the epidermis of the leaf in the 
same way (fig. 832, a). They often occupy 
the same spots previously held by them. 
The teleutospores (fig. 332, c) differ very 
much, however, from the uredospores. 
They are smooth, of a darker color, and 
have a much thicker wall, and they ger- 
minate only after a considerable period of 
rest. 
The teleutospores, well protected by their 
thick covering, serve to preserve the fungus 
through the winter season, hence it is that 
they are sometimes called “winter spores.” 
They remain in the field upon the fallen 
leaves and dead bean stalus during the 
winter months. When the weather condi- 
tions favor their germination the following 
spring, they push forth a slender tube, called 
the promycelium (see figure 335). This 
promycelium emits very delicate branches, 
upon the tips of which very minute spores, 
called sporidia (fig. 335, sp) are borne. These 
little bodies are exceedingly light, easily 
carried about on the slightest current of air, 
and if they happen to fall upon young bean 
leaves, each one develops a most slender 
thread-like tube, which penetrates to the 
tissues within the substance of the leaf, and 
there grows into a mycelium forming the 
vegetative portion of our bean-rust fungus, 
which first becomes apparent to us in the 
aecidio or cluster-cup stage, i.e., the stage 
in which the secidiospores are produced. 
Later in the season, as we have already 
stated, the other stages — uredo and teleuto 
stages — appear. 
Treatment. — The rust fungi penetrate 
deeply the tissues of the plants they infest, 
and to preserve our crops from their attacks 
we must prevent these parasites from coming 
upon them. If we cannot do this, we may 
destroy the germinating spores before they 
succeed in penetrating to the interior of the 
host plant. This may be done by applying 
to the plants, earlv in the season, some one 
of the sulphate of copper compounds. It is 
now well known that this substance (sul- 
phate of copper) is very destructive to the 
germinating spores of a number of injurious 
fungi, and it may prove a valuable agent in 
preserving our cultivated plants which are 
subject to rust, from this disease. It is 
possibie to make a test of this substance in 
the case of the bean. 
As the fungus is known to live through 
the winter in the fallen leaves and dead 
stems, we hardly need to urge the import- 
ancs of raking together in the Fall all 
infected material and burning it. 
O. & G. is a valuable journal, well edited 
and handsomely arranged. We are having 
good results from it.— Freeport Machine 
Co., Freeport, 111. • 
Beet Rust. 
(Uromyces betas.) 
Like the Bean Rust, Beet Rust is caused 
by a species of Uronyces ( II betoe), a fungus 
which has been known in Europe for thirty 
years or more. In this country it is, so far 
as we know, limited to California, where 
we noted it in considerable abundance in 
September, 1887. Dr. Halsted found the 
disease at Santa Barbara. He states that 
“in some places every leaf of the plant was 
badly infested, and whole rows of beets were 
dwarfed and discolored by the parasite.” 
We described this disease in the Annual 
Report of the U.S. Department of Agricul- 
ture for 1887, and the figure here given of 
the microscopical appearance of the uredo 
stage of the fungus is taken from that 
report. 
The parasite lives upon the beet alone, 
beginning with its tecidio stage in the 
spring. The aecidiospores are orange-yellow, 
and are produced in little cup-shaped re- 
ceptacles. The uredospores (tigure 331) ap- 
pear in very small, slightly elevated , reddish- 
brown spots, more or less thickly scattered 
over both surfaces of the leaf. These are 
the spores, which, germinating as soon as 
mature, spread the disease from leaf to leaf, 
and from plant to plant. The final, or 
teleuto-stage, comes late in the season, at 
which time the teleuto or winter spores are 
Fig. 331. Uromyces of the Beet. A. Section through 
a portion of a sorus, showing the fungus In fruit. B, 
Uredospores. 
produced. These, like the winter spores of 
the Bean Uromyces, do not germinate until 
the following spring, when, by the produc- 
tion of a similar promycelium and sporidia, 
it carries infection to the new crop of 
plants. The sporidia are very delicate and 
exceedingly minute bodies, and if means 
can be devised for preventing their coming 
upon the young beet plants, or, at least, a 
way discovered to prevent their’germinating 
and entering the leaf tissues by the applica- 
tion of some fungicide, the disease may be 
wholly or in part prevented. We have 
suggested for this purpose a dilute solution 
of chloride of iron. 
It is a strong point in favor of your pub- 
lication that you seem to be very fair and 
impartial in stating the merits and demerits 
of the different varieties of fruit, and this 
insures confidence in your opinions. — W m. 
C. Little, Essex Co., Mass. 
The Health of the Household. 
The housekeeper, who thinks her duty is 
done if she keeps her house in perfect order 
and provides three abundant meals of well- 
cooked food daily, has but a low conception 
of her work. Her mission is far more than 
this, and includes the health and happiness 
of every member of her household. 
In entering upon the long cold season, her 
duties are manifold. She must assure her- 
self that the house and surroundings are 
free from every thing that might breed 
disease ; she must see that the air of the 
rooms is pure, both by night and day, and 
of the proper temperature ; she must attend 
to the bathing of the chi'dren, and adjust 
their clothing to the great variations of 
temperature ; she must know something of 
the composition of food, in order to provide 
that best suited to the season and which 
contains the most life-giving elements. 
Having thus succeeded in keeping her 
family well, there will be little difficulty in 
making them happy ; for health and 
happiness go hand in hand. 
“How does it happen that you are always 
well at your house,” was asked the other 
day of the mother of a large family. 
“I don’t know,” was the reply, “unless 
it’s because I have such a horror of sickness. 
I know nothing about nursing, and I’m so 
afraid I shouldn’t know what to do in case 
of illness that I devote all my energies to 
keeping my family well. I strive to guard 
and protect them in every way, and I 
attend at once to every symptom of colds, 
indigestion, or irregularity of any kind.” 
Is tlv re not a lesson here for every one of 
us? Illness wili sometimes come, in spite 
of our best efforts to ward it off ; but, un- 
doubtedly, a large proportion of the diseases 
of the world might be prevented. Let us 
resolve that if sickness must come into our 
homes, it shall be in spite of our efforts, but 
never from lack of them. 
U. S Mail. 
“New Subscriber,” Warren, Md., writes 
as follows : “In the August No., Mrs. Hart 
wishes some one to tell her how to make a 
knitted rug, using pieces of colored woolens. 
I will endeavour to describe their manufac- 
ture. Tuey are made in strips about 4 
inches wide which are afterwards sewed 
together. She will need two large steel 
needles, coarse knitting cotton or Macrame 
cord, and strips of woolen goods, of bright, 
cheerful colors, an inch and a half long and 
half an inch wide. Cast 25 stitches on one 
of the needles. Fust needle. Take off the 
first stitch without knitting. Lay one of 
the woolen pieces across the work ; knit a 
stitch covering the piece and turn the right 
hand end of the piece over to the left, so 
that the two ends will be on the same side 
and of the same length. Then lay another 
