December, 1890. 
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^ the excellent fruit native to, or well tested 
in those warmer sections. While some of 
the Russians will no doubt find favor there, 
primarily that is a matter of minor import. 
If they answer the demands of the people of 
our “cold north” they will do all that can 
reasonably be asked. 
SOME KEEPING RUSSIAN APPLES. 
The following Russian apples I have tested, 
or now have under test, and find them all 
entitled to be classed as winter apples in 
northern Vermont: 
Switzer. Will keep well up to the holi- 
days, or as long as Fameuse. Quality, very 
good. Medium size. 
Lnngfteld. Not in eating before the last 
of November. Will keep in good condition 
up to mid -winter, or later. Quality, very 
good. Medium size. 
> Striped Pippin (?). Keeps past the holi- 
days. Very good. Medium size. 
Antonovka. Keeping not settled, but 
probably beyond mid-winter. Large; good 
to very good. 
Bogdanoff. Testing for the first time. 
Very hard. Nov. 5. Prof. Budd says: “a 
long keeper, asgood asBaldwin.” Medium 
size. 
Zuzoffs Winter. Early to mid-winter. 
Large, handsome dessert apple. This is 
Dept. List 585. 
Cross Apple. Dept. 413. Quite hard, 
Nov. 5. 
Four other ‘Cross” apples, from various 
parts of Russia. All medium, oblate, red- 
striped, except one, which has no color. 
Otherwise much alike, and seem to be good 
keepers. Quality untested. 
Borsdorfer. A Russo-German apple from 
the Govt. List. Small, handsome, high fla- 
vored, ironclad, good keeper. 
Arabka. Long, dark red cooking apple. 
Keeps up to February north of the great 
lakes, and in northern Minnesota and Da- 
kota. Most of this list of thirteen apples 
would keep all winter. — T. H. Hoskins. 
Spraying Fruit Trees. 
For the benefit of those who have not 
practiced spraying fruit trees for the pre- 
vention of the ravages of insects and fungus 
diseases, I beg to narrate some of my 
experience for the last two years. 
In 1889 I sprayed with Climax Insect 
Poison to stop the work of the codling 
moth, and the results were favorable. In 
1890 my first application was made just 
before the bloom came out, and consisted 
of a solution of one pound of the Climax 
powder in one hundred gallons of water, 
and to this mixture was added six ounces 
of carbonate of copper, dissolved in two 
quarts of ammonia, 4 F. strength. The 
spray was as fine as a dense fog, and applied 
so as to wet the entire tree. The second 
i application was made immediately after 
the bloom had fallen, and the third in ten 
days after the second. After the third 
application the poison was omitted, and 
only the solution of carbonate of copper 
was used ; this treatment was continued at 
intervals of ten days to two weeks until 
August 1st. I treated in this way pears, 
apples, and grapes with good results. The 
benefit was most marked on Clairgeau and 
Deil pears, of which varieties I had been 
unable to obtain any good fruit for four or 
five years on account of leaf blight, which 
would cause the foliage to fall in July and 
August, resulting in the ruin of the fruit. 
This year I sprayed all except one Clairgeau 
tree, which was left untreated the entire 
season, and the result was that the untreated 
tree, which was as good a tree as I had, 
became entirely defoliated in August, the 
fruit spotted, cracked and fell, so that 1 did 
not obtain a single specimen of marketable 
fruit from it. All the other trees retained 
their foliage and matured the finest of fruit. 
I am confident that had I not treated them 
as I did I should have had no £ruit from 
the two varieties named, and that the entire 
orchard was greatly benefited. The result 
on apples and grapes was also noticeable. 
The Climax Powder referred to is com- 
posed of equal parts of London purple and 
fine starch, so that it actually used only 
half a pound of poison to one hundred 
gallons of water, which I now think was 
not enough to be effective for the moth, and 
another season I shall use one and a half 
pounds of the mixture to one hundred 
gallons of water. I used that quantity two 
seasons ago, and in some instances injured 
the foliage somewhat, but I prefer the 
larger quantity of poison with the chance 
of slight injury to the leaf, rather than the 
smaller quantity, with the chance of some 
insects escaping uninjured. Unless the 
application is made in the middle of a very 
warm and sunny day, I consider the danger 
of injuring the foliage slight. If convenient 
I should prefer a cloudy day or the latter 
part of a clear one for the application. 
Should there be a heavy rain immediately 
after spraying, it should be renewed as soon 
as the foliage again becomes dry, as much 
of the mixture will have been washed off. 
— J. M. White, Middlesex Co., N. J. 
Experiments With Arsenites. 
In the September number of Orchard & 
Garden was published the result of experi- 
ments made at the Experiment Station of 
Cornell University College of Agriculture 
upon the effect of London purple and Paris 
green upon peach foliage. Some further 
information upon this important subject is 
gained from the recent experiments of Prof. 
C. P. Gillett, of the Iowa Experiment Sta- 
tions, to determine the relative injury to 
foliage from the application of the arsenites. 
The experiments seem to have been carried 
on with great thoroughness and much pa- 
tience, and we may accept the results as 
conclusive. 
1. The oldest leaves are most susceptible 
to injury from arsenicnl applications. They 
often turn yellow and drop without showing 
the burnt, spotted appearance. 
2. Dews, and probably direct sunlight, 
increase the injuries done by the arsenites 
to foliage. 
3. Leaves kept perfectly dry can hardly 
be injured by the arsenites, even when they 
are applied very abundantly. 
4. Applications made in the heat of the 
day and in the bright sunlight do not injure 
foliage more than when applied in the cool 
of the day. 
5. The only effect of a heavy rain or 
dashing shower following an application is 
to lessen the inj nry to foliage. 
6. Leaves suffering from a fungous dis- 
ease are more susceptible to injury than 
are healthy leaves. 
7. When freshly mixed and applied, 
London purple is most and white arsenic is 
least injurious to foliage. 
8. White arsenic in solution should not 
be used without first adding lime, Bor- 
deaux mixture or some other substance to 
prevent its injurious effects upon foliage. 
9. White arsenic, if allowed to stand 
many days in water before being applied, 
will do far greater ha m to foliage than 
if applied as soon as mixed. 
10. Lime added to London purple or 
Paris green in water greatly lessens the in- 
jury that these poisons would otherwise do 
to foliage. 
11. Lime added to a mixture of white 
arsenic in water wiil greatly increase the 
injury that this poison would otherwise do 
to foliage. If the arsenic is all in solution, 
the lime will then lessen the injury, as in 
the case of London purple or Paris green. 
12. London purple can be used, at least, 
eight or ten times as strong without injury 
to foliage if applied in common Bordeaux 
mixture instead of water. 
13. The arsenites cannot by any ordinary 
method be successfully mixed in a kerosene 
emulsion. 
14. The arsenites mix readily in rosin 
compounds and do not seem to be more 
injurious to foliage than as ordinarily ap- 
plied in water. 
15. The arsenites in strong soapy mix- 
tures do considerable more harm to foliage 
than when applied in water only. 
16. The arsenites mix readily in carbo- 
nate of copper solution and do not seem to 
do more harm than when applied in water. 
17. London purple in sulphate of copper 
solution does vastly more harm than when 
applied in water only. 
Apples for the South. 
Garretson’s Early is a fine summer apple, 
and always sells well. Primate can not be 
excelled for market, bears early, large crops 
of fine fruit, does not spot or fall from the 
trees. Sweet Bough is another good market 
apple. Duchess of Oldenburg is a very fine 
summer apple and bears when quite young, 
but it is a very slow grower. This is the 
only fault I find with it. 
The above varieties have been fruited in 
the South for a number of years, and have 
given general satisfaction. They are reli- 
able and free from disease, all early bear- 
ers, standing heat and cold well, and make 
a valuable list of summer varieties. — James 
Parker, Pike Co., Miss. 
