30 
February, 1891. 
/orchard 
©RCHARD^°(§ ARDEN 
AN ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY JOUR- 
NAL OF HORTICULTURE. 
Devoted exclusively to the Interest of the American 
Orchard. Vineyard, Fruit, Vegetable and 
Flower Garden. 
Progressive ! Reliable ! Practical ! Scientific 1 
Subscription Price, SO Cents per Annum 
Fite Yearly Subscriptions for $2.00. 
Entered at the Post Office at Little Silver as second class 
matter. 
H. G. Cornet. Editor. 
Advertising Rates. 
Per Agate line, each insertion 30c 
One Page, “ $90.00 
One half Page “ 50.00 
One quarter Page “ 30.00 
Rates for yearly ads. and for 250 lines or over giv- 
en upon application. 
Reading notices ending with adv. per line nonpa- 
reil, 50c. Preferred position ten per cent, extra. 
LITTLE SILVER, N. J., FEB., 1891. 
CONTENTS. 
Berry Patch. Brief Observations— Strawberries 
Raspberries— Some New Blackcaps 26, 27 
Catalogues Received 31 
Clubbing List 29 
Flower Garden. Floral Notes 33, 34 
Horticultural Societies. State Horticultural 
Association of Pa 31 
Household. Hints for the Month— The Secrets of 
Tea Making— In case of Accident— Breakfasts— 
Rags— Crumb Griddle Cakes— Three Simple Des- 
serts 35, 36, 37 
Insects. Insecticides 26,26 
Lawn. Notes by the Way— Azalea Mollis — Heck- 
rotti Honeysuckle— Weigela— Lindens— Poplars. 34,35 
Orchard. Quinces and their Culture — Seasonable 
Hints— Changes in the Pomological World— Not 
Apples Alone— Improvement of Wild Tree Fruits 
— California Fruits in Eastern Markets— Root 
Grafts — The Variability of Fruits 23, 24, 25 
Vegetable Garden. Seasonable Work in the 
Garden — Treatment of Plants in Cold Frames— 
Raising Tomato Plants— Forcing Lettuce and To- 
matoes — How to Grow Large Onions— The Best 
Peas to Plant— Irish Potatoes— Tomatoes 32, 34 
Vineyard. February Operations— Grafting the 
Grape— Whip grafting the Grape— Grape Notes 
from Missouri 28, 29 
Manx copies of tbis number are sent out 
as sample copies and as an invitation to 
subscribe. We hope you will respond 
promptly. Price only fifty cents a year. 
We hope that our readers will not permit 
their subscriptions to expire unrenewed. 
We desire them to stay with us even more 
than we desire new subscribers. Remem- 
ber that Orchard & Garden stops prompt- 
ly when subscription expires, hence the 
necessity of renewing promptly. 
This month a good deal of space is neces. 
sarily taken up with noticing the spring 
catalogues of nurserymen, seedsmen and 
others. We invite our readers’ attention to 
them, on another page, and suggest that 
those interested in the goods offered send 
for them. Many of their advertisements 
will be found in other columns and we ask 
for them our readers’ attention also. 
Owning to the demand on our space for 
“Catalogues Received” we have been com- 
pelled to omit, for this month, our bio- 
graphical sketch and portrait of promiment 
horticulturists. 
Please send us the names and addresses ol 
those among your f riends and acquaintances 
xoho are in any way interested in Fruit Grow- 
ing and Gardening and who are not already 
subscribers to Orchard & Garden. We 
will send them specimen copies free of charge. 
So far as we have been able to learn 
there are no kinds of fruit injured by frost 
as yet, in New Jersey, and the indications 
are that there will be a good crop of orchard 
and small fruits. 
The wisdom of pruning young trees at 
transplanting has been disputed, but exper- 
ience teaches us that it is best to cut back 
the young shoots, at time of planting, to 
two or three buds at the bases, and when 
the shoots are too close, to cut some of them 
off altogether. 
We call especial attention to the premium 
offer of our new book on Fungus Diseases 
of the Grape and Other Plants, described 
on second page of cover of this number. 
The book is one that should be in the hands 
of every horticulturist in the land, and 
where it is not desirable to earn it as a 
premium by securing subscribers to Or- 
chard and Garden, its low price puts it 
within the reach of all. 
Plant Shade Trees. 
We wish we could impress farmers with 
the importance of planting useful shade 
trees along the highways and lanes in rural 
districts. Both the useful and ornamental 
may be combined by planting nut trees or 
fruit trees. The former are admirably 
adapted to this purpose, and among fruit 
trees the cherry for ornament and shade is 
superior to almost any other. Its graceful, 
symmetrical form, its mass of beautiful 
white blossoms, dense green foliage and 
rapid growth, render it excellently well 
suited for a roadside tree. The larger grow- 
ing varieties are the best for this purpose 
and are, besides, a source of considerable 
profit. 
It is gratifying to note the great improve- 
ments that have taken place within the 
past few years in the planting and cultiva- 
tion of fruit trees: and equally, if not in a 
greater degree, is this the case with the 
planting of ornamental trees and shrubs. 
May such rural improvement continue: and 
let everyone who has ground, however 
small, plant it with some of the many 
beautiful trees and shrubs that he can now 
select from, thus contributing to his own 
comfort and happiness, improving the taste 
of those around him, aud administering to 
the welfare of all. 
John Thorpe has evidently great hopes of 
a brilliant future for the carnation. He 
predicts that carnations will be produced 
four inches in diameter, and that they will 
be sold for one dollar each within eight 
years. They w ill be his ideal conception of 
carnations, too, and there will be exhibitions 
where carnations will be the leaders. 
The Value of Wind-Breaks. 
Do our fruit grow r ing readers fully appre- 
ciate the value of wind-breaks as an 
important factor in the production of a 
profitable crop of fruit ? If so, surely there 
would be more planting to that end. We 
do not always realize the injury that is 
done by high, drying winds. Trees that 
will endure safely a very low temperature 
in still air, succumb to much less cold when 
accompanied with a high wind. It is the 
windy portion of our “cold snaps” that 
hurts and is so destructive. Fruit blossom 
buds, especially peach buds, are killed by 
windstorms, when they would, without 
doubt, pass unharmed through the same 
degree of cold unaccompanied by wind. 
The only safety is protection; and wind- 
breaks must be grown. This is a subject 
that has a special application to fruit 
growing, and now, at the approach of 
another planting season, should have careful 
consideration. 
Continue in Well-Doing. 
Subscriptions are coming in rapidly, 
thanks to the efforts of our friends and their 
proper appreciation of the paper, and we 
are well pleased with the outcome of the 
present subscription season; at the same 
time we express the hope that our readers 
will continue in their labors and yet add 
many more new names to our already large 
list of subscribers. 
Artificial Fruit Essences. 
There is no end now-a-days to chemical 
ingenuity. It has been discovered that by 
a clever manipulation of coal tar and other 
kindred products, confectioners, jam man- 
ufacturers, etc., may be enabled to dispense 
with the aid of fruit essences and juices in 
the manufacture of their different jams, 
jellies and sweetmeats, thereby effecting a 
very considerable saving in their cost. No 
doubt well known firms will still continue 
to use the genuine products, but it is possi- 
ble for others to avail themselves of these 
discoveries. When, for instance, a neces- 
sity arises for imparting to any composition 
the flavor of the pear, oxide of amyle will 
produce an essence as like that of the pear 
as it can possibly be. If it is desired to im- 
part the taste of the pineapple there is not 
the slightest occasion for spending any 
money in the purchase of that fruit, since 
coal tar will furnish a butyric ether, or an 
acetate of butyle, both of which will pro- 
duce a flavor precisely the same as the pine- 
apple. The valeriate of oxide of amyle, as 
well as nitric ether, may both of them be 
used as a substitute equal to the essence or 
juice of apples. Thus we perceive that 
tilings are not ahvays what they seem, 
in confectionery at least, and it is to be 
hoped that the reign of artifice will extend 
no farther. 
The horticultural department of the com- 
ing World’s Columbian Exposition at 
Chicago has not yet been organized, and it 
is said that the appointment of chief may 
not be made until late in February. 
