94 
May, 1891. 
L 
ORCHRRD 
AND 
CARDEN 
and maturing, as we find highest quality 
only on vigorous vines We plow it in 
shallow; so that while there may be enough 
of earth above the manure to prevent the 
escape of that which may be volatile, the 
mass of manure and debris may be in the 
midst of the surface soil at the favorite 
feeding depth of the hoped for crop, with 
soil beneath to arrest the soluble. 
Just before planting, the ground is har- 
rowed. then marked with sled, live feet each 
way, and at intersections some poultry 
droppings or phosphate is placed, covered 
with the hoe. and on this the seed is planted. 
The date with us is from May 1st to the 
10th. When in spite of replanting, the stand 
is not complete, we transplant from hills 
that have more than they need, doing this 
on wet or moist days, with as much earth 
about the roots as possible. Two plants 
in a hill will produce a good crop, but we 
leave three because we have much trouble 
with mice and moles. We give two or 
three hoeings. with cultivation frequent 
and shallow, care being taken not to disturb 
the manure. It is best not to work among 
the vines when wet with dew or rain. Gath- 
ering. with us this season was from Aug. 
5th to Sept. 19th, forty-four days. There 
were few late blossoms to be followed by 
fruit, because the first setting was so heavy 
that its development taxed to the utmost 
the capacity of the vines. 
Winter Squashes. 
The four squashes figured on the preced- 
ing page are admittedly among the best of 
the fall and winter varieties. The Hubbard 
is too well known to need a description. The 
Marblehead is larger and thicker, fiesh 
lighter in color and remarkably dry and 
sweet. The Butman was produced by cross- 
ing the Yokohama with the Hubbard, and 
is of bright green color flaked with white. 
It is equal io Hubbard in size and produc- 
tiveness and of fine quality. The American 
Turban is an excellent variety for autumn 
with solid flesh that is dry, sweet and rich. 
May Memoranda. 
When the weather becomes warm the vines 
will grow very fast; see that the canes are 
tied up, as rapidly as they grow, to their 
proper places, for no vineyard can be kept 
in good condition unless done promptly. 
The bearing shoots should be pinched 
back as soon as they show fruit, one or two 
leaves beyond the last bunch of grapes. As 
these shoots are not all of the same vigor, 
commence on the most vigorous first and 
pinch the others progressively as they de- 
velop, but any shoots that lack vigorshould 
be let alone and not pinched at all. This 
pinching back should not be done all at 
once as it checks the growth too suddenly 
and affects the vigor of the vines. 
Very feeble and imperfect shoots should 
be broken off. as they are only in the way 
and do not produce good fruit. 
When the fruit is set, cut out all the small 
and imperfect bunches; this will give in- 
creased size to those remaining. 
Rub off all the suckers that come from 
the stocks near the ground as often as they 
appear. 
If the vines are to be trained upon the 
renewal system select two or three vigorous 
canes or shoots that start out on the main 
stem or spur near the lower wire, and as 
soon as these shoots have made about twen- 
ty inches of growth, pinch off their ends. 
This will force out laterals that will be 
shorter-jointed, and that will produce bet- 
ter developed buds, larger bunches and bet- 
ter fruit. These canes should be tied up 
carefully to the upper wire of the trellis 
and allowed to grow unchecked through- 
out the season. But if these shoots are not 
vigorous they should not be pinched back, 
as they would be too feeble to produce 
strong fruiting laterals. Such vines have 
lost their vigor and will have to be pruned 
quite short until they regain their strength. 
This method of producing good fruiting 
wood may be new to some, and may be sup- 
posed to be unnecessary by others, but, 
however this may r be, it only requires a 
fair trial to prove its value, particularly 
with very strong growing varieties, and 
those just grafted. Feeble varieties do not 
require this treatment, Out all vigorous 
kinds, without an exception, arc bpnefitted 
by it, and some vines as well as varieties 
will not produce a good crop otherwise. 
Cut off and remove all other shoots wher- 
ever they appear, as they are no benefit to 
the vine and are a positive injury, for all 
superabundant growth is made at the ex- 
pense of the vine, upon the same principle 
as that of making layers from a bearing 
vine. To make this work effective, how- 
ever, it should be done early in the seas >n, 
and as often as the shoots appear. 
Cultivate the vineyard frequently all 
through the season, but never when the 
ground is wet or when the grapes are in 
bloom. 
Young vines require constant care and 
attention or they will soon be over-run with 
weeds. 
Many kinds of vegetables as well as straw- 
berries may be grown in a young vineyard 
between the rows for several years, until 
the vines come into bearing. We saw 
strawberries grown at Mr. Knox’s place at 
Pittsburgh, between the rows of grapes, in 
1807, that sold in Philadelphia at 75 cents 
a box, containing sixteen berries, of Knox 
700 (Jucunda). We visited his place in the 
fall to see how he grew such fine strawber- 
ries; he pointed out between the rows of 
his bearing vineyard the stool rows of 
strawberry plants, where he grew those fine 
strawberries. His crop of grapes was 
equally as line and did not appear to suffer 
from double cropping. 
Young vines as they grow should be tied 
up to stakes. 
Young vines grown in a propagating bed 
should be set out as soon as the ground is in 
a suitable condition and the weather favor- 
able. — J. Stayman. 
Resistant Roots for Grapes. 
Why do not grape growers at the East 
graft their vines on resistant stocks? For 
I am confident from my experience in Illi- 
nois that more than one half of the serious 
disease troubles with their grapes are due 
to injury to the vine roots by the grape 
root louse, or the Phylloxera of the grape 
vine < Phylloxera va'tatrix. Plan.) The 
grand old Catawba was perfect in health, 
vigor and fruitage around Cincinnati, and 
on the islands in Lake Erie, and, for that 
matter, all along the shore, until it was 
ruined by an abnormal increase of th 3 Phyl- 
loxera on its roots by massing great num- 
bers of vines near together, and has since v 
gradually failed nearly everywhere, ex- 
cept in soils unsuited to the increase of 
this louse. Second, wherever a vine of the 
Catawba is planted, free from this louse at 
the time, it grows and fruits as well as it 
ever did, until it becomes contaminated. 
Third, I knew Catawoa vineyards in Il- 
linois, on soil composed nearly entirely of 
moderately fine sharp sand of great depth, 
that continued in good health and fruitage 
for over a quarter of a century, as healthy 
and productive as the average of native 
grapes, and I have no doubt fhat they 
so continue until to-day, if still under the 
care of the old careful German and his 
sturdy frau. It is perfectly well known 
that the phylloxera cannot breed to an in- 
jurious extent in soil composed of sharp 
sand. I grew Catawbas myself on such 
soil in Illinois successfully for many years. 
The Catawba for full success anywhere, 
even here in California, must have rather 
short pruning, and not be allowed to over- 
bear, and must have tender care in every J 
way. Though a varfi ty found wild in the 
woods, I have no doubt that it is an acci- 
dental hybrid between V. vinifera and V. 
labrusca, the same as Delaware, and it is 
well known that V. vinifera is everywhere 
ruined by phylloxera, and it is also true 
that nearly everyone of our cultivated na- 
tive grape vines are more or less injured by 
it except V. cestivalis and V. riparia spe- 
cies. ASstivalis seems to be the best resist- 
ant species, though somewhat tender to 
cold, and of that species Lenoir is gen- 
erally selected as the most available root, 
though I have no doubt that there are 
thousands of varieties of riparia growing 
every where East, especially in the prairie 
states, that are both perfectly hardy and 
resistant. As proof, they thrive perfectly 
everywhere, and the phylloxera is a native 
insect also abounding everywhere. 
All the delicate finer varieties and the 
choice hybrids between the native and for- ^ 
eign varieties, should be grown on resistant 
roots, and then one could be happy. One 
more item of proof. A friend and neigh- 
bor in Illinois, had a rank-growing wild 
vine which lie had planted for an arbor. 
