June, 1891. 
105 
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erals grow. Each lateral or eye will make 
a good vine. It is, however, not a good 
practice to make many layers from a bear- 
ing vine as it weakens the vitality of the 
mother plant. 
Vacancies in the vineyard may be filled 
up in this manner better than by planting a 
new vine, but a long layer should be used 
for that purpose and brought down to the 
place for the vine. 
Hybridizing or crossing the grape can 
now be done before they are too far ad- 
vanced. This is, however, a very delicate 
operation and requires care and experience 
to do it successfully. 
Spraying and sacking will now be in or- 
der and should be done in season. Follow 
the excellent instructions given in Prof. 
Scribner's recent book upon fungus diseas- 
es. For sacking we prefer cheap muslin in 
preference to paper as they can be used sev- 
eral times when once made, and the rain 
drains through them. 
If any vines have been cut off to prevent 
grape rot the rampant shoots must be pinch- 
ed back to about twenty inches, the same as 
in the treatment of fruiting canes above 
described. — J. Stayman. 
Spraying for Black-Rot. 
For the benefit of several enquirers, and 
for those new subscribers who have not read 
our fungi articles in the past, we repeat 
here the formula for the Bordeaux mixture: 
In four or five gallons of hot water dis- 
solve eight pounds of sulphate of copper; in 
another vessel slake ten pounds of the best 
quicklime in six or eight gallons of water. 
When the coppersolution and the lime mix- 
ture have cooled to the temperature of the 
air, pour the latter slowly through a strainer 
into the former, mixing them thoroughly 
by constant stirring. When ready to use, 
the mixture should be made up by the ad- 
dition of water to twenty-two gallons. It 
is one of those medicines which must be 
“shaken before taken,” and it should also 
be strained before going into the spraying 
pump. A patent flour sieve is one of the 
best things for straining the lime mixture. 
The Eureka sprayer is provided with a 
strainer for this purpose. After this double 
straining there is little danger of clogging 
spraying nozzles. The spray should reach 
all parts of the vine, and particular care 
must be taken to reach the flower clusters 
and young fruit. 
The number and frequency of applications 
will depend on the season and to some ex- 
tent also on the varieties to be treated. In 
seasons favorable to the disease, they should 
follow each other at intervals of from twelve 
to fifteen days, until the berries begin to 
color. The first application should have 
been already made, that is, when the leaves 
appear, the second just as the vines begin 
to bloom, and another immediately after 
the flowering period. These first three 
treatments ought never to be neglected 
whenever the grapes have suffered from the 
disease, no matter what the character of 
the season may be. 
Gooseberry Mildew. 
Prof. Goff, of the Wisconsin Agricultural 
Experiment Station recommends for this 
prevalent disease, the use of Potassium Sul- 
phide (liver of sulphur). Dissolve one 
ounce in four gallons of water and spray 
over the bushes as soon as the buds have 
expanded, repeating the spraying several 
times during the summer. 
Seedling Strawberries. 
Did you ever watch a patch of seedling 
strawberries coming into fruit? If not, 
you have missed one of the pleasures of 
gardening. Indeed, to me one of the great- 
est pleasures in my occupation is cross-fer- 
tilization and raising new seedling plants, 
both of fruit and ornamental plants. Just 
now I have a bed of seedling strawberries 
to watch. The seeds were from various 
parents and sown only a year ago. They 
were established in pots and turned out 
into the open ground in September. At the 
same time a large number of well known 
varieties were planted for comparative pur- 
poses in the same plat. These last were all 
ordinary runner plants. The seedlings 
have far outstripped the others in the mat- 
ter of growth, and are conspicuous by their 
rank foliage, due no doubt to the rich com- 
post in which they were potted. The most 
curious matter in connection with them is 
the fact that all the seed saved from early 
berries are producing late varieties, while 
seed from late sorts are giving a majority 
of early berries. Hoffman ripened here on 
May 1st, and a lot of Hoffman seedlings 
have all its characteristic shape, but have 
not yet began to color (May 11). Seedlings 
from Jessie were ripe as soon or sooner 
than the Hoffman and some are promising 
enough to keep for further testing. Of 
course one season does not determine the 
character of a strawberry, and while we 
take great pleasure in watching the devel- 
opment of seedlings, our friends may de- 
pend upon it, we will not name nor dissem- 
inate any which do not appear to be a gain 
for our growers. Our new grapery for hy- 
bridizing purposes is now completed and 
we are fairly begun with the work laid out 
for the Horticultural Department of the N. 
C. Station.— W. F. Massey. 
Failures with Small Fruits. 
One reason for writing on the failures of 
small fruits at this time is because I am 
feeling the sting of disappointment from 
improper selection and management. W e 
may learn a great deal from reading, and 
should read as much as possible, but when 
we learn a thing from experience we know 
it much better and it is of infinitely more 
value to us. 
Small fruits are profitable when well 
managed; but a little slip in the manage- 
ment may and often does cause a serious 
loss, and sometimes an entire failure. One 
imprudent step in small fruit culture is to 
plant too largely of kinds untried in the 
soil, locality and climate in which they are 
set. They may prove worthless and the 
loss be very great in both time and money. 
Last spring I set 500 plants each of Mon- 
mouth and Bubach strawberries, on the 
same land and at the same time, and gave 
the same cultivation. The Monmouths, al- 
though weakly plants, bloomed freely, but 
the bloom passed away without setting 
much fruit, indeed, there was very little; 
while the Bubachs at the same time are 
loaded with such fine berries that they are 
selling readily at 25 cents per quart. Here 
I have sustained a loss that I might have 
saved by first planting one or two dozen 
plants of Monmouth and testing their mer- 
its. Some people plant largely of pistillate 
kinds not knowing that they will not bear 
without some perfect flowered sort to fertil- 
ize them, and consequently they meet fail- 
ure. Others will plant too many rows of 
pistillates before adding perfect flowering 
kinds to fertilize them sufficiently. Some 
perfect bloomers afford a greater quantity 
of pollen than others, and the best should 
be sought. And some make a mistake in 
selecting varieties without regard to time 
of blossoming. The Gandy and Bubach 
are both fine berries; the Gandy is a perfect 
flowering kind while the Bubach is not, 
but they will not do to go together, for the 
Bubach blooms nearly two weeks earlier 
than Gandy. 
Many failures occur from buying cheap 
phints. Inferior plants may be cheap in 
price but they will prove dear enough in 
the end to the purchaser. Small, inferior 
plants will not give satisfaction, and will 
occupy the ground and require the same 
cultivation as better ones. I set small 
plants last spring, and although occupying 
the same ground and receiving the same 
cultivation, they are not nearly paying 
their cost. 
But perhaps the most general cause of 
failure is poor soil and poor culture. Many 
commence to cultivate small fruits, especi- 
ally strawberries, with doubt as to their be- 
ing a profitable crop, and in this frame of 
mind they will endeavor to counterbalance 
this by using poor land, that is not worth 
planting in other crops, and then, if the 
strawberries fail as expected, they will not 
lose so much, they think. They will pre- 
pare the land hurriedly, and if any manure 
at all is used it is very little and of the 
poorest quality on the place, and then set 
cheap plants, neglect to give proper cultiva- 
tion, and consequently grass and weeds get 
such a start that it is an unprofitable task 
to clean them out. Another reason of fail- 
ure is often that the land is not all well set. 
I have now, from setting poor plants and 
suffering grass to grow in my beds, long 
skips in my rows, some of the vacant spaces 
being very long. This should be remedied 
by taking up some of the first, strong young 
plants and filling up all the vacancies. — 
Thos. D. Baird, Ky. 
