June, 1891. 
107 
c 
ORCHARD /'rnd \ GARDE N 
^very much greater care than I see existing 
among our farmers, gardeners and orchard- 
ists. All about our farms-and gardens, al- 
most everywhere, I have noticed the empty 
Paris green packages lying loose. “Emp- 
ty,” I say, — but not one of them has less 
arsenic sticking about it than enough to 
kill a calf or a cow, — to say nothing of any 
child, so likely to pick one up and make a 
plaything of it. Arsenic in small quanti- 
ties, such as will not kill, is yet most dan- 
gerous in inducing diseased conditions. It 
is well known that even the small quantity 
which may be floating in the air of a room 
papered or upholstered in arsenical colors 
affects health deeply, — though in a major- 
ity of cases in such ways as would fail to 
give rise to suspicion, except on the part of 
a skilled physician. Such cases the public 
are not apt to hear of; but they very widely 
je.xist, and I do not like to see a word 
that will lessen the just and general fear 
of this deadly substance. — T. H. Hoskins. 
Condition of the Soil. 
The idea that fruit can best be raised on 
poor, shallow soil lias become so prevalent 
that many fruit growers give such soil the 
preference even when they have the choice 
of soils that are deep and rich. This idea 
must have come from the fact that, as a rule, 
such soils have a better natural drainage. 
For that reason fruit trees will sometimes 
thrive tolerably well, on which, if they were 
given a deep rich soil, not thoroughly un- 
derdrained, they would prove a complete 
failure. Experience, however, shows con- 
clusively that rich, mellow soils, made deep 
by thorough cultivation and good drainage, 
are much superior to shallow, naturally 
well drained lands for the cultivation of 
fruits. Peaty and spongy soils should of 
course be a voided, as they become very warm 
by day, and radiate the heat very rapidly 
on clear, frosty nights. A rapid growth is 
N also induced in such localities during the 
summer, which is easily destroyed by the 
succeeding cold season. There is very little 
of our average farm land but that will raise 
good fruits, and especially the more common 
kinds of small fruits, if properly worked. 
Should the soil be a shallow one, plow as 
deeply as possible, and manure heavily. If 
the soil be rather moist and rich, good, thor- 
ough underdrainage will usually be suffi- 
cient. Many of our most productive or- 
chards have such locations, as they are gen- 
erally better protected from the dry, winds 
so trying to fruit trees. — Thos. D. Baird. 
The Dickinson Apple. 
This valuable winter apple is well worthy 
of more attention. It is a seedling of the 
Yellow Bellflower, raised in Pennsylvania, 
and is an abundant and annual bearer. The 
fruit is medium to large in size, ovate coni- 
cal in shape, yellow almost covered with a 
streaky red. In quality it is very good, be- 
*mg juicy and pleasant, with a mild subacid 
flavor. December to March. The illustra- 
tion, Fig. 41, is an excellent likeness. 
The Mariana Plum as a Stock. 
My experience with it in Illinois was 
short, but long enough to make me believe 
that it had most valuable qualities as a stock 
for most stone fruits. I had peach, plum, 
cherry and Russian apricot growing on it, 
and they all promised finely. I found it har- 
dy, a strong, healthy grower, with no suckers 
from the roots. A letter from a friend in 
Illinois, only yesterday, who has had more 
experience than I, gives the same testi- 
mony, and I have and will continue to 
recommend it for extensive trial here for 
stone fruits on heavy, or damp, rich soil. 
As for a particular apricot “blowing off” 
from not making a good union on the Mari- 
ana, I think should not restrict the trial of 
it for other stone fruits. That is a fault 
with nearly all stock worked trees, that is, 
trees budded or grafted above ground. I 
have had pear trees so worked, on pear, 
where the union was so perfect as to be 
hardly preceptible, snap off in a gale, near- 
ly as smoothly as if sawed; also when on 
the quince. The remedy is very low heads, 
and low pruning. The Mariana plum as a 
Dickinson Apple. Fig. 41. 
stock seems too good a thing to be lightly 
gi ven up. Its nonsuckering and ease of 
propagation, make it of value. — D.B.Wier. 
Two Kansas Apples. 
BOYD. 
Fruit large; form oblate, slightly conic, 
ribbed; color yellow, covered, mixed and 
indistinctly splashed and striped with crim- 
son and deep purplish red, sometimes mixed 
with grey; stem medium, slender: cavity 
wide, deep, green or russet: calyx medium 
open or half closed: segments rather long, 
erect: basin rather wide, deep, even or 
slightly furrowed: core large, wide, closed: 
carpels small, hollow; seeds medium, angu- 
lar, numerous, very dark brown; flesh yel- 
lowish white, sometimes stained next the 
kin, firm, moderately juicy, sprightly, rich 
sub-acid; quality very good, season January 
to April. Tree strong, rather straggling 
grower, productive ; origin Kentucky. This 
is one of the very best apples for this sec- 
tion and for all others of like temperature. 
It is but little known or disseminated. 
mason’s orange. 
Fruit large; form roundish oblate, slight- 
ly conic, some ribbed: color deep yellow, 
often with a faint blush; dots small, scat- 
tered, dark; stem long, slender; cavity wide, 
deep, russeted, sometimes extending; calyx 
small, closed, or half open; segments short, 
erect; basin narrow, rather shallow, ribbed; 
core rather large, roundish, turbinated, 
slightly open; carpels large, hollow; seeds 
medium, angular, pointed, dark brown; 
flesh yellow, very tender, juicy, sprightly, 
aromatic, mild sub-acid; quality very good 
to best; season Oct. to April. Originated 
by John L. Mason, New Lancaster, Kansas. 
Tree strong, stocky, thorny grower; very 
productive. This is one of the most prom- 
ising apples we have, of fine quality, an an- 
nual bearer and much better than Yellow 
Bellflower. A valuable apple. — J.Stayman. 
Wash for Trees. 
Prof. Cook recommends the following as 
an effective wash for fruit trejs. It pre- 
vents egg laying and kills the newly hatch- 
ed caterpillars as they begin to tunnel the 
trees. Take one hundred pounds of caustic 
potash, one barrel of lime, one gallon of 
crude carbolic acid, two pounds of white 
arsenic — or London purple, which is per- 
haps better and certainly cheaper — and 
water enough to make three hundred gal- 
lons of the wash. This will be sufficient 
for three thousand trees; smaller quanti- 
ties may be made in like proportion. Apply 
the wash, with a stiff brush, during sum- 
mer, preferably early in July. 
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