194 
ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi. 
the rough-legged buzzard (. Archibuteo lagopus) ; the snowy owl 
(Nyctea scandiaca ) ; the raven ( Corvus corax) ; three buntings 
(Emberiza schceniculus, Plectrophanes nivalis and P. calcarata) ; a 
lark ( Otocorys alpestris ) ; several pipits, the most northern being 
Anthus cervinus ; a wagtail ( Budytes cimreocapilla) ; a dipper 
(Cinclus melanogaster) ; a warbler ( Cyanecula suecica) ; the 
wheatear (Saxicola cenanthe ) ; and two ptarmigans (Lagopus 
albus and L. salicetus). Most of these birds are, of course, only 
summer visitors to the Arctic regions, the only species noted as 
a permanent resident in East Finmark (north of latitude 70°) 
being the snow-bunting (Plectrophanes nivalis). 
The birds that are characteristic of the zone of pine forests, 
or from about 61° to 70° north latitude, are very numerous, and 
it will be sufficient to note the genera and the number of 
species (where more than one) to give an idea of the ornitho- 
logy of this part of Europe. The birds of prey are, Falco (three 
species), Astur (two species), Buteo , Pandion, Surnia, Bubo , 
Syrnium, Asio, Nyctala. The chief Passerine birds are, Corvus 
(two species), Pica, Garrulus (two species), Nucifraga , Bomby - 
cilia, Hirundo (two species), Musdcapa (two species), Lanins , 
Sturnus, Passer (two species), Pyrrhula , Carpodacus, Loxia (two 
species), Pinicola , Fringilla (eight species), Emberiza (five 
species), Alauda, Anthus, Turdus (five species), Buticilla , Pratin- 
cola, Accentor, Sylvia (four species), Hypolais, Regulus, Phylloscopus 
(two species), Acrocephalus , Troglodytes , and Parus (six species). 
Woodpeckers are abundant, Picus (four species), Gecinus, and 
Yunx. The kingfisher ( Alcedo ), goatsucker ( Caprimulgus ), and 
swift ( Cypselus ) are also common. The wood-pigeon ( Columba ) 
is plentiful. The gallinaceous birds are three grouse, Tetrao (two 
species) and Bonasa , and the common quail (Coturnix). 
The remaining genera and species of temperate or north- 
European birds, do not usually range beyond the region of 
deciduous trees, roughly indicated by the parallel of 60° north 
latitude. 
Plate I. — Illustrating the Zoology of Central Europe . — 
Before considering the distribution of the other classes of 
verfebrata, it will be convenient to introduce our first illustra- 
