CHAP. X.] 
THE PAL/EARCTIC REGION. 
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species), Sula bassana, Lams (two species), Stercorarius catar- 
ractes, Puffinus anglorum, Mergulus alle , Uria (three species), 
Alca torda. 
3. American species resident in Iceland. — Clangida islandica, 
Histrionicus torquatus. 
4. Annual visitants from Europe. — Turdus iliacus , Ruticilla 
tithys, Saxicola cena?ithe, Motacilla alba , Antlws pratensis , Liriota 
linaria, Chelidon urbica, Hirundo rustica, Falco cesalon, Surnia 
nyctea, Otus brachyotus, Charadrius pluvialis, AZgialites hiaticula, 
Strepsilas interpres, Phalaropus fulicarius, Totanus calidris , 
Limosa (species), Tringa (three species), Calidris armaria, 
Gallinago media , Numenius phceopus, Ardea cinerea, Anser (two 
species), Bernicla (two species), Anas (four species), Fuligula 
marila, Harelda glacialis, Somateria mollissima, CEdemia nigra , 
Sterna macmra, Rissa tridactyla, Lams luecoptems, Stercorarius 
(two species), Fratercula artica , Colymbus (two species), Podi- 
ceps comutus. 
5. Annual visitant from Greenland. — Falco candicans. 
6. — Former resident, now extinct. — Alca impennis (the 
great auk). 
II. — Mediterranean Sub-region . 
This is by far the richest portion of the Palsearetic region, 
for although of moderate extent much of it enjoys a climate in 
which the rigours of winter are almost unknown. It includes 
all the countries south of the Pyrenees, Alps, Balkans, and 
Caucasus mountains ; all the southern shores of the Mediter- 
ranean to the Atlas range, and even beyond it to include the 
extra-tropical portion of the Sahara ; and in the Kile valley 
as far as the second cataract. Further east it includes the 
northern half of Arabia and the whole of Persia, as well as 
Beluchistan, and perhaps Affghanistan up to the banks of the 
Indus. This extensive district is almost wholly a region of 
mountains and elevated plateaus. On the west, Spain is 
mainly a table-land of more than 2000 feet elevation, deeply 
penetrated by extensive valleys and rising into lofty moun- 
tain chains. Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily, are all very 
