220 
ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
[part III. 
lapponica) ; the shore-lark ( Gtocorys alpestris ) ; the sand-martin 
(Cotyle Hparia), and the sea-eagle (Halimtus albicilla). 
Those which are more characteristic of the northern forests, 
and which do not pass beyond them, are — the linnet ; two cross- 
bills ( Loxia Leucoptera and L. Curvirostra ) ; the pine grosbeak 
(. Pinicola enucleate) ; the waxwing ; the common magpie ; the 
common swallow ; the peregrine falcon ; the rough-legged buzzard ; 
and three species of owls. 
Fully one-half of the land-birds of Siberia are identical with 
those of Europe, the remainder being mostly representative 
species peculiar to Northern Asia, with a few stragglers and 
immigrants from China and Japan or the Himalayas. A much 
larger proportion of the wading and aquatic families are Euro- 
pean or Arctic, these groups having always a wider range than 
land birds. 
Reptiles and Amphibia. — From the nature of the country and 
climate these are comparatively few, but in the more temperate 
districts snakes and lizards seem to be not uncommon. Halys , 
a genus of Crotaline snakes, and Fhrynocephalus, lizards of the 
family Again idse, are characteristic of these parts. Simotes, a 
snake of the family 01igodontida3, reaches an elevation of 16,000 
feet in the Himalayas, and therefore enters this sub-region. 
Insects. — Mesapia and Jlypermnestra , genera of Papilionidse, 
are butterflies peculiar to this sub-region ; and Parnassius' is as 
characteristic as it is of our European mountains. Carabidae 
are also abundant, as will be seen by referring to the Chapter 
on the Distribution of Insects in the succeeding part of this 
work. The insects, on the whole, have a strictly European 
character, although a large proportion of the species are pecu- 
liar, and several new genera appear. 
IV. — Japan and North China , or the Manchurian Sub -region. 
This is an interesting and very productive district, correspond- 
ing in the east to the Mediterranean sub-region in the west, or 
rather perhaps to all western temperate Europe. Its limits are 
not very well defined, but it probably includes all Japan; 
the Corea and Manchuria to the Amour river and to the lower 
