niAr*. x.] 
THE PA ARCTIC REGION. 
223 
included in Pere David’s list, but no doubt occur only in the 
lowlands and warm valleys, and can hardly be considered to 
belong to the Palaearctic region : Paguma, ZTelictis, Arctonyx, 
Rhizomys, Manis. The Rhizomys from Moupin is a peculiar 
species of this tropical genus, but all the others inhabit Southern 
China. 
A few additional forms occur in Japan: Urotrichus, a peculiar 
Mole, which is found also in north-west America ; Enhydra , the 
sea otter of California; and the dormouse (Myoma). Japan also 
possesses peculiar species of Macacm, Talpa, Melcs , Cants, and 
Sduropterus. 
It will be seen that this sub-region is remarkably rich 
in Insectivora, of which it possesses ten genera; and that 
it has also several peculiar forms of Carnivora, Rodentia, and 
Ruminants. 
Birds. — To give an accurate idea of the ornithology of this 
sub-region is very difficult, both on account of its extreme rich- 
ness and the impossibility of defining the limits between it and 
the Oriental region. A considerable number of genera which 
are well developed in the high Himalayas, and some which are 
peculiar to that district, have hitherto always been classed as 
Indian, and therefore Oriental groups ; but they more properly 
belong to this sub-region. Many of them frequent the highest 
forests, or descend into the Himalayan temperate zone only in 
winter ; and others are so intimately connected with Palmarctic 
species, that they can only be considered as stragglers into the 
border land of the Oriental region. On these principles we 
consider the following genera to be confined to this sub-region : — 
Grandala , Nemura (Sylviidse) ; Ptcrorhinus (Timaliidse) ; 
Cholomis, Conostoma , Heteromorpha (Panuridm); Cyanoptila 
(Muscicapidse) ; Eophona (Fringillidm) ; Dendrotreron (Colum- 
bidse) ; Lopliophorus , Tctraopkasis, Crossoptilon } Pucrasia , Thau - 
malea, and Ithaginis (Phasianidae). This may be called the 
sub-region of Pheasants ; for the above six genera, comprising 
sixteen species of the most magnificent birds in the world, are 
all confined to the temperate or cold mountainous regions of 
the Himalayas, Thibet, and China ; and in addition we have 
