ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
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or mainly Oriental, and most of them are genera which range 
widely over the region, only two ( Philentoma and JRollulus ) being 
exclusively Malayan, and two others {Meg alarm and Malacocircus) 
more especially Indian or continental. Five other genera, though 
having a wide range, are typically Palmarctic, and have reached 
the islands through North China. They are, Monticola , Aero- 
cephahis, Pkylloscopus , Calliope, and Passer ; the two first having 
extended their range southward into the Moluccas. The pecu- 
liarly Australian genera are only 12, the majority being charac- 
teristic Papuan and Moluccan forms ; such as — Campephaga, 
Alcyone, Cacatua, Tanygnathus , Ptilopus, Janthcenas , Phlogccnas, 
and Megapodias. One is peculiar to Celebes ( Prioniturus ) ; one 
to the Papuan group ( Cyclojmtta ) ; and one is chiefly Australian 
( Gerygone ). The beautiful little parroquets forming the genus 
Loriculus, are characteristic of the Philippines, which possess 5 
species, a larger number than occurs in any other group of 
islands, though they range from India to Flores. There remain 
six peculiar genera — Pkabdornis, an isolated form of creepers 
(Certhiidae) : Gymnops, a remarkable bareheaded bird belonging 
to the starlings (Sturnidai) ; Lasyloplius, and Lepidogrammus, 
remarkable genera of cuckoos (Cuculidfe) ; Penelopides, a peculiar 
hornbill, and Phapitreron , a genus of pigeons. Besides these there 
are four other types (here classed as sub-genera, but considered 
to be distinct by Lord Walden) which are peculiar to the Philip- 
pines. These are Pseudoptynx, an owl of the genus Athene; 
Pseudolalage, a sub-genus of Lalage ; Zeoccphns, a sub-genus of 
Tchitrea ; and Ptilocolpa, included under Carpophaga. 
When v?e look at the position of the Philippine group, con- 
nected by the Bashee islands with Formosa, by Palawan and the 
Sooloo archipelago with Borneo, and by the Tulour and other 
islets with the Moluccas and Celebes, we have little difficulty in 
accounting for the peculiarities of its bird fauna. The absence 
of a large number of Malayan groups would indicate that the 
actual connection with Borneo, which seems necessary for the 
introduction of the Malay types of mammalia, was not of long 
duration ; vffiile the large proportion of u’ide-spread continental 
genera of birds would seem to imply that greater facilities had 
