288 ENTOZOA IN RELATION TO PUBLIC HEALTH, ETC. 
but they had never previously heard that such entozoa ex- 
isted in cattle, to say nothing of the existence of similar 
larval parasites which I have recently shown to occur in the 
muscles of the sheep. It may, therefore, astonish some per- 
sons when I add the expression of my deliberate conviction 
that at this present moment hundreds, not to say thousands, 
of the cattle now living in this country are thoroughly well 
measled, and therefore, also, more or less diseased in the or- 
dinary, but, as I think, unfortunate acceptation of that term. 
In the face of such recorded experiences as these, I naturally 
ask — “ How it is that any gentlemen, like Mr. Holland, 
can have the immodesty to adjudge themselves competent to 
deal with the sewage question, in so far as it is concerned 
with the probable spread of parasitic disorders ?" 
I am scarcely yet persuaded, indeed, that no disease has 
followed in consequence of the utilisation of sewage at Edin- 
burgh, as alleged ; for I find that Mr. James Alexander 
Manning, in his reply to Baron Liebig’s letter to Lord Robert 
Montague, makes the following statement : — “ A large dairy- 
man, of Edinburgh, reduced to the humble position of a 
carter, lost ninety-two cows in three years, from feeding them 
on the grass produced from the sewage-irrigated meadows of 
Portobello ; another cowkeeper lost his whole stock in one 
year ; and I was informed,” he adds, that the largest cow- 
keeper in Scotland, who feeds his cows on the grass obtained 
from sewage-irrigated meadows, never keeps a cow for more 
than three months, for the moment his keen perception and 
long practical experience detect any tendency to incipient 
symptoms of pleuro-pneumonia, he sells the cows to his 
neighbours, and purchases others.” I quote these few re- 
corded facts (if they are facts), however, not so much with 
the intention of supporting the particular views taken by 
Mr. Manning, as for the purpose of expressing my doubts 
concerning the reality of pleuro-pneumonia as being the true 
cause of the asserted mortality. The vagueness with which 
that term is employed by cattle-dealers and others is well 
known. On the other hand, a correspondent of mine, Dr. 
T. S. Ralph, in Australia, has gone so far as to assert the 
essentially parasitic nature of all pleuro-pneumonia — from 
evidence, nevertheless, which, though truly entozooic, is of a 
character altogether distinct from that which I suspect to 
have obtained in not a few of the above-mentioned diseased 
animals. Surely Mr. Manning could not have committed 
himself to such statements as the above, if there were no 
grounds for believing their truth ! 
But I have further to observe in connection with this measle 
