608 LANCASHIRE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 
lowermost were tricuspid, and at intervals of from two to four 
inches from each other. They were small, and projected but little 
from the sides of the veins. I should have thought that they were 
incapable of preventing the regurgitation of the blood. The upper- 
most, which was five inches below the bifurcation, was tricuspid and 
very large. 
In the branch that came from under the parotid gland there was 
a bicuspid valve, about five inches above the bifurcation. In the 
same vein, on the other side, there were six valves in the same space ; 
three at the lower part of the vein were very imperfect, and from 
an inch to an inch and a half apart ; the two next were well de- 
veloped, and at a larger distance from each other ; while the upper 
one was large, three inches from the vein below and five inches from 
the bifurcation above. There was another in the maxillary branch, 
an inch and a half from the bifurcation. 
In an old grey horse that was destroyed at the College while I was 
in attendance, there were only two valves in one of the jugulars, but 
each large and distinct. One was near the breast and was bifid. The 
other lay about four inches above, and was trifid. There was a single 
one in a branch just above the bifurcation. In a section of eight 
inches made by Mr. Percivall from the middle of a jugular vein, he 
found two pairs of valves, two inches from each other, in the upper 
part, and three single ones, and a tricuspid one in the lower part, 
whose edges were accurately adapted to each other ; thus, there were 
no fewer than three different kinds of valves in the space of eight 
inches of vessel. I also dissected the jugular veins of a cow, and 
found that at the lower end of each there were three valves at intervals 
of two inches, and only one more between them and the bifurcation. 
There are twelve or fourteen valves in the superficial brachial 
from the knee to the jugular, and about the same number in the 
superficial femoral from the hock to its termination. 
At the places where smaller branches open into the jugulars there 
are loose flaps of lining membrane floating, and which will direct a 
portion of the blood to flow up the small branches again. 
Varix . — On the jugular veins of horses there are often seen 
varicose enlargements of various sizes, some of which are as large as 
walnuts. These are generally considered as arising from bleeding. 
On examining these varices they are found to be nothing more than 
dilatations of the vein, the coats of which are not near the thickness 
of those of the natural vein. 
The incised edges of the veins probably threw out fresh organizable 
matter, which the blood pressing against and at the same time push- 
ing towards the skin, ultimately became united to the under surface 
of the integuments while in a state of dilatation ; and this afterwards 
became more dilated and thinned in consequence of the blood forcing 
against the parts and reducing the newly-formed coats by continued 
pressure. 
The natural process that reunites parts together after bleeding is 
produced by albuminous matter being effused from the edges of the 
wound, and shortly afterwards becoming organized and cicatrized ; 
